“
“Our objective was to determine equipotent doses of different erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) used in daily practice for treatment of anaemia in outpatients Cl-amidine supplier with chronic kidney disease. A multicenter, descriptive, transversal study was carried out in 409 adult outpatients treated with the main ESAs, that is, epoetin alpha,

epoetin beta, darbepoetin a and continuous erythropoietin receptor activator (CERA) in two tertiary hospitals. The prescription profile was: 6.1% epoetin alpha, 9.8% epoetin beta, 37.4% darbepoetin a and 46.7% CERA. The relation among equipotent monthly doses of different ESAs was: 167 IU (epoetin alpha), 192 IU (epoetin beta), 1 mu g (darbepoetin alpha), and 0.9 mu g (CERA). Effectivity and safety profile was similar for all types of ESAs. Albumin levels, C-reactive protein and iron storage were associated to erythropoietin resistance. In conclusion,

CERA dose used in clinical YM155 ic50 practice was 47.7% lower than the equivalence published in the summary of product characteristics, although these patients had a better kidney function.”
“The integral membrane protein Thlaspi goesingense metal tolerance protein 1 (TgMTP1) has been suggested to play an important selleck chemical role in Zn hyperaccumulation in T. goesingense. Here, we show that the TgMTP1 protein is accumulated to high levels at the vacuolar membrane in shoot tissue of T. goesingense. TgMTP1 is likely to act in the transport of Zn into the vacuole, enhancing both Zn accumulation and tolerance. By specifically expressing TgMTP1 in Arabidopsis thaliana shoots, we show that

TgMTP1, localized at the vacuolar membrane, can drive the enhanced shoot accumulation of Zn by initiating a systemic Zn deficiency response. The systematic response includes increased expression of Zn transporters (ZIP3, ZIP4, ZIP5 and ZIP9) in both shoot and root tissue. Furthermore, shoot-specific accumulation of TgMTP1 at the vacuolar membrane also leads to increased resistance to Zn in A. thaliana, probably through enhanced Zn compartmentalization in the vacuole. Such evidence leads to the conclusion that the high levels of TgMTP1 at the vacuolar membrane in shoot tissue of the Zn hyperaccumulator T. goesingense play a role in both Zn tolerance and enhanced Zn uptake and accumulation, via the activation of a systemic Zn deficiency response.”
“To compare the quality of life valuation of a hypothetical depression health state between a general population versus a depressive patient population, and within a patient population.

Specimen adequacy

was determined with on-site cytologic examination performed with a “”touch prep”" technique. Of 1910 liver biopsies, 240 (12.6%) revealed focal lesions, and cytologic and pathologic examination results were available for 208 (86.7%) of these 240 lesions. The number of biopsy passes and concordance between cytologic and pathologic findings were evaluated, and correlation between lesion size, type, and location and the number of passes was assessed. The Pearson correlation CYT387 chi(2) test and the Wilcoxon test were used.

Results: Biopsy specimens were diagnostic in 205 cases (98.6%) and were nondiagnostic in three cases (1.4%); 85.9% of the lesions were malignant. There was a single lesion in 89 patients (42.8%), and there were multiple lesions in 119 patients (57.2%). One biopsy pass was sufficient in 58 patients (27.9%); two passes were sufficient in 75 patients (36.1%); and three, four, five, and six passes were sufficient in 51 (24.5%), 17 (8.2%), five (2.4%), and two (1.0%) patients, respectively. There was no relationship between lesion size or

location and the number of passes, according to the Pearson correlation and chi(2) test (P = .16 and P = .22, respectively). On average, 1.9 passes were required for metastatic lesions, versus PI3K inhibitor selleck inhibitor 2.8 for nonmetastatic lesions (P < .001, Wilcoxon test). Cytologic and histopathologic findings were discordant in 25 cases (12.0%).

Conclusion: The size and location of liver lesions sampled for biopsy do not influence the number of passes needed, while metastatic lesions require fewer passes. Without the on-site cytologic examination service, a predetermined number of three

passes would be diagnostic in almost 90% of all cases. (C) RSNA, 2008″
“Transgenic animals are used extensively in the study of in vivo gene function, as models for human diseases and in the production of biopharmaceuticals. The technology behind obtaining these animals involves molecular biology techniques, cell culture and embryo manipulation; the mouse is the species most widely used as an experimental model. In scientific research, diverse models are available as tools for the elucidation of gene function, such as transgenic animals, knockout and conditional knockout animals, knock-in animals, humanized animals, and knockdown animals. We examined the evolution of the science for the development of these animals, as well as the techniques currently used in obtaining these animal models. We review the phenotypic techniques used for elucidation of alterations caused by genetic modification.

45, 95% CI?=?4.13, 4.80), hospitalizations (OR?=?3.22, CI?=?3.08, 3.37), outpatient visits (OR?=?1.71, CI?=?1.67, 1.75) and excess risk of death over the course of the follow-up interval (hazard ratio?=?2.82, CI?=?2.60, 3.06). Health care costs associated with depression remained elevated compared

with costs for men without depression, over the course of the follow-up. Conclusions Depression during the treatment phase was associated PF-03084014 molecular weight with significant health resource utilization, costs and mortality among men with prostate cancer. These findings emphasize the need to effectively identify and treat depression in the setting of prostate cancer. Copyright (C) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.”
“The structure, polymeric nature, and oligomers distribution

of six types of commercial synthetic tannins (syntans) were determined by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The syntans examined were: (i) polycondensation oligomers of sulfonated phenol and 4,4′-dioxydiphenylsulfone with formaldehyde and sodium bisulfite; (ii) sodium salts of polycondensation oligomers of phenol and sulfonated phenol with formaldehyde and urea; (iii) sodium salts of polycondensation oligomers of sulfonated GSK1120212 purchase phenol with formaldehyde and urea; (iv) sodium and ammonium salts of polycondensation oligomers of sulfonated naphtalene with formaldehyde; and (v) a sulfonated phenolic novolak resin. The oligomers distribution indicated that the relative abundance of oligomers from trimer to higher degrees of polymerization varied from 70% to more than 90% according to the different QNZ mw syntans tested. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 114: 1339-1347, 2009″
“The

ferroelectric domain structures in a two-dimensional square lattice with different lattice sizes under a set of finite boundary conditions (zero dipole and clamped strain on lattice boundaries) are investigated using Monte Carlo simulation, based on the Landau phenomenological model. Given the finite boundary conditions, the ferroelectric domain structure evolves gradually from the 90 degrees-striped pattern into the single-vortex pattern with reducing lattice size. When the finite boundary conditions apply only onto one-dimensional boundaries, as an approach to the case of thin films, the single-domain pattern is favored with reducing lattice size. The physics underlying the evolution of domain structures with varying lattice size is discussed.”
“Objective Originally devised in the USA, the Distress Thermometer is being deployed in many cancer settings in the UK. It is commonly used with a Problem List (PL), which has never been validated with a UK population. This study aimed to refine the PL items based upon the concerns of a sample of UK patients attending a regional cancer centre. Methods Existing versions of the PL were scrutinised by a focus group comprising five ex-patients, six health care staff and two academics.

Results: During the study period, a total of 173,628 deliveries met the inclusion criteria; 1605 (0.9%) occurred in patients with “”isolated”" obesity. Higher rates of CD were found among patients with “”isolated”" obesity (30.7% vs. 12.3%; odds ration [OR] = 3.2; p < 0.001). When controlling for possible confounders, using a multivariable model with CD as the outcome variable, Poziotinib ic50 the association between “”isolated”" obesity and CD remained significant (adjusted OR = 2.6; p < 0.001). No significant differences were found in the risks of perinatal complications including perinatal mortality, shoulder dystocia, congenital malformations, and low 5-min Apgar score.

Conclusion: “”Isolated”" obesity, although not a risk factor for adverse perinatal outcomes, is an independent risk factor for CD.”
“Stents are structural implants with widespread clinical use in vascular

intervention to re-open stenotic vessels for the treatment of coronary artery disease and peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Apart from their mechanical function, current drug-eluting stents (DES) utilize local drug delivery selleck inhibitor from a drug-incorporated permanent polymer coating to prevent in-stent restenosis. This delayed closure of the stented vessel is considered one of the major limitations of conventional bare metal stents (BMS). The long-term safety of DES, however, is still under debate, with reported cases of delayed healing, late thrombosis and hypersensitivity demanding further evolution in this field. A promising approach to circumvent the limitations of first generation DES is the application of degradable polymer coatings in second generation DES, and fully absorbable polymer stents. From a materials and engineering perspective, this paper provides a mini-review of current clinically relevant DES technology A-1210477 and recent advancements in the development of stents from degradable polymeric materials as an alternative to permanent BMS and DES. This review, includes work on degradable stents and coatings based on blends of polylactic acid and the microbially-produced poly(4-hydroxybutyrate). (C) 2009 Society of Chemical Industry”
“Objective: To determine

whether an abnormal 50-g glucose-challenge test (GCT) is independently associated with adverse pregnancy outcome. Methods: A retrospective study of women with abnormal GCT (>140 mg/dL) but normal subsequent 100-g oral glucose-tolerance test (OGTT). Pregnancy outcome was compared with that of women with normal GCT (<140 mg/dL). Results: Of the 79,153 women delivered during the study period, the results of the GCT were available for 14,268. Of these, 809 (5.7%) had an abnormal GCT and normal OGTT and were eligible for the study group. An abnormal GCT was independently associated with an increased risk for macrosomia (odds ratio [OR] = 2.0, 95% CI: 1.5-2.7), large for gestational age (OR = 1.6, 95% CI: 1.3-2.0), cesarean section (OR = 1.3, 95% CI: 1.1-1.6), respiratory morbidity (OR = 1.6, 95% CI: 1.1-2.

08, 95%CI 1.27-3.41, p = 0.003) and adjusted models (OR 1.92, 95%CI 1.09-3.39, p Alisertib datasheet = 0.02). LRP6 was expressed in carotid atherosclerotic plaques at significantly lower levels (p = 0.015) in 1062V carriers.

Conclusion: Beside the role of established risk factors, 1062V variant of LRP6 and CAA are strongly associated in hypertensive patients, making LRP6 a novel relevant candidate gene for atherosclerosis in the presence of hypertension. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Preventing the occurrence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) with nutritional interventions is a therapeutic strategy that may

warrant greater research attention. The increased use of omega (omega)-3 fatty acids is a powerful example of one such nutritional strategy that may produce significant cardiovascular benefits. Marine food products have provided the traditional dietary sources of omega-3 fatty acids. Flaxseed is an alternative to marine products. It is one of the richest sources of the plant-based omega-3 fatty acid, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). Based on the

results of clinical trials, epidemiological investigations and experimental studies, ingestion of ALA has been suggested to have a positive impact on CVD. Because of its high ALA content, the use of flaxseed has been advocated to combat CVD. The purpose of the buy EVP4593 present review was to identify the LBH589 clinical trial known cardiovascular effects of flaxseed and ALA and, just as importantly, what is presently unknown.”
“Estimation of division and death rates of lymphocytes in different conditions is vital for quantitative understanding of the immune system. Deuterium, in the form of deuterated glucose or heavy water, can be used to measure rates of proliferation and death of lymphocytes in vivo. Inferring these rates from labeling and delabeling curves has been subject to considerable debate with different groups suggesting different mathematical models for

that purpose. We show that the three most common models, which are based on quite different biological assumptions, actually predict mathematically identical labeling curves with one parameter for the exponential up and down slope, and one parameter defining the maximum labeling level. By extending these previous models, we here propose a novel approach for the analysis of data from deuterium labeling experiments. We construct a model of “”kinetic heterogeneity” in which the total cell population consists of many sub-populations with different rates of cell turnover. In this model, for a given distribution of the rates of turnover, the predicted fraction of labeled DNA accumulated and lost can be calculated. Our model reproduces several previously made experimental observations, such as a negative correlation between the length of the labeling period and the rate at which labeled DNA is lost after label cessation.

Spiral channel patterns were designed to create a 3 x 3 array of pressure-sensor pads, which were wrapped around a standard neuroendoscope operating sheath. Pressure readings from the compressed sensor array were translated into a color-coded graphic user interface.

Calibration experiments were conducted, and the sensor was evaluated through cortical compression tests on explanted ovine brain.

Results. The sensing https://www.selleckchem.com/products/jnk-in-8.html endoscope operating sheath was successfully calibrated to detect and display pressures within a range consistent with normal and tissue-threatening compressions.

Conclusions. Force-feedback mechanisms for the neuroendoscopist are critically lacking with contemporary endoscopes. The authors designed a pressure-sensing skin technology for improved pressure feedback during endoscopy as a means for minimizing collateral tissue damage during endoscopy.”
“Introduction: Green, black and pu-erh teas are known to have strong antiradical properties in comparison to other plant raw materials. In

this study fifteen different teas belonging to three types, green, black, and pu-erh tea (five of each kind), were investigated for their antiradical properties. Antiradical activity of extracts and raw materials was measured using DPPH and ABTS(center dot+) radicals.

Material/Methods: The antiradical potential of teas was measured using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS(center dot+) (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt). The TAU(515) and TAU(734) (antiradical activity units) were defined with PX-478 the tests of DPPH and ABTS(center dot+), respectively, and the number of units was calculated per mg of extracts (TAU(515/mg) and TAU(734/mg)) and g of raw materials (TAU(515/g) and TAU(734/g)).

Results/Discussion: When the extracts were investigated, the highest number of antiradical units (TAU(515/mg); TAU(734/mg)) was found per mg of ethyl acetate extract obtained from green tea leaves assayed with DPPH and ABTS(center dot+): 57.7+/-0.8; 106+/-2.0, units respectively. When the number of antiradical

units TAU(515/g) was calculated per 3-MA mw g of raw material, the highest antiradical potential (7601+/-92) was observed for green tea leaves. The greatest TAU(734/g) value (14 303+/-354) was also calculated for green tea leaves. The lowest value of antiradical activity units TAU(515/g) (684+/-30) and TAU(734/g) (1870+/-180) was calculated for pu-erh tea leaves. A high positive correlation was found between the antiradical activity of the raw materials and the content of phenolic compounds in these raw materials.”
“Condensations of aromatic carbo- and heterocyclic ketones and aldehydes in methanol gave new chalcones containing carbazole fragments, 1,3-diaryl(9-R-9H-carbazol-3-yl)prop-2-en-1-ones. Some of the synthesized chalcones reacted with guanidine sulfate to produce 2-amino-4,6-diarylpyrimidines that are promising materials for the design of light emitting diodes.

An association of some key cytokines appears to be essential for NOS gene regulation in the immunity of infections. Accumulating evidence indicates that parasitic diseases are commonly associated with elevated production of NO. NO plays a role

in the immunoregulation and it is implicated in the host non-specific defence in a variety of infections. Nevertheless, the functional role of NO and NOS isoforms in the immune responses of host against the majority of parasites is still highly controversial. In the present review, the role of parasitic infections will be discussed in the controversy related to the NO production and iNOS gene expression in different parasites and a variety of experimental models.”
“Background: SNX-5422 supplier Emphasis is increasingly being placed on the monitoring of clinical outcomes for health care providers. Funnel plots have become an increasingly popular graphical methodology used to identify potential outliers. It is assumed that a provider only displaying expected random variation (i.e. ‘in-control’) will fall outside a control limit with a known probability. In reality, the discrete count nature of these data, and the differing methods, can lead to true probabilities quite different from the nominal value. This paper investigates the true probability of an ‘in control’ provider falling outside control limits for the A-1210477 inhibitor Standardised Mortality Ratio (SMR).

Methods: The true probabilities

of an ‘in control’ provider falling outside control limits for the SMR were calculated and compared for three commonly used limits: Wald confidence interval; ‘exact’ confidence interval; probability-based prediction interval.

Results: The probability of falling above the upper limit, or below the lower limit, often varied greatly from the nominal value. This was particularly apparent when there were a small number of expected events: for expected events <= 50 the median probability of an ‘in-control’ click here provider

falling above the upper 95% limit was 0.0301 (Wald), 0.0121 (‘exact’), 0.0201 (prediction).

Conclusions: It is important to understand the properties and probability of being identified as an outlier by each of these different methods to aid the correct identification of poorly performing health care providers. The limits obtained using probability-based prediction limits have the most intuitive interpretation and their properties can be defined a priori. Funnel plot control limits for the SMR should not be based on confidence intervals.”
“We report the case of a 73 year old woman who presented for progressive dyspnea. Her medical history included thyroidectomy 15 years ago, myocardial infarction, recurrent paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and femoral fracture two weeks previously, conservatively treated. Physical examination revealed absent breath sounds in the left hemithorax, up to the apex, and crackles in the right hemithorax.

The cross-talk between melanocytes and keratinocytes should be determined in future studies on the pharmacological mechanisms of GSK1210151A mouse clinically effective dermatological drugs acting on the epidermis. (C) 2012 Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Aims: There is growing body of evidence that oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus (DM) and in development of maternal and fetal complications of diabetic pregnancies. The aim of the present study was to investigate total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total

oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) in infants of diabetic mothers (IDM) and to reveal the influence of maternal hyperglycemia on these parameters.

Methods: A prospective controlled study was conducted between March 2010 and November 2010. Umbilical cord blood was taken from IDM and controls for TAC and TOS measurement, and OSI was calculated. IDM were divided into two groups, either of

mothers treated with insulin during pregnancy or of those treated with a carbohydrate-restricted diet.

Results: Thirty-six IDM and 14 infants born to non-diabetic mothers were enrolled. Infants of insulin-treated mothers (group 1) and infants of mothers managed with a carbohydrate-restricted diet (group 2) had significantly higher TOS (p<0.001 and p=0.001, respectively) and OSI (p<0.001 and p=0.001, respectively) levels compared to controls. However, TAC levels were similar in all three groups. Maternal HbA(1c) values were correlated Tubastatin A to TOS (p<0.001, r=0.694) and OSI (p<0.001, r=0.683).

Conclusions: Oxidative stress is increased in IDM, and a significant relation LY2835219 order exists between the degree of maternal hyperglycemia in pregnancy and oxidative stress in the newborn at birth.”
“Background

Castleman’s disease is a rare disorder of of lymphoid tissue that

occurs chiefly in the mediastinum and less commonly at other sites, including the retroperitoneum. Few cases of fine needle aspiration (FNA) findings of this lesion have been reported.

Case

A 21-year-old wan presented with left-side abdominal pain of 2 months’ duration. A solid, well-defined pelvic mass measuring 7..2 x 4.3 x 5.3 cm displacing the urinary, bladder and blood vessels was seen on ultrasonography. Ultrasound-guided FNA was performed; smears consisted predominantly of clusters of mature lymphocytes in hemorrhagic background showing crushing tit places and closely intermingled with it distinct population of large follicular dendritic cells. Many clusters were seen traversed by capillary fragments. Cell block preparation showed concentric rings of mature lymphocytes surrounding lymphocyte-poor centers with vascular proliferation and follicular dendritic cells.

SA and TPA are both originated from the interband transition between the d band and s-p conduction band. The SA possess less occupied density of states in the ground state and less unoccupied density of states in the excited state than that of TPA, so the TPA dominates the nonlinear absorption when the pulse intensity is high, leading to as-observed transition from SA to TPA. The

refraction variation with increase in pulse intensity is attributed to the interband transition of electrons from d band to s-p conduction band in the Pd NPs. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3533738]“
“Purpose: AZD7762 ic50 To systematically examine whether abandoning daily routine chest radiography would adversely affect outcomes, such as mortality and length of stay (LOS), SB203580 in vitro and identify a subgroup in which daily routine chest radiography might be beneficial.

Materials and Methods: This was a meta-analysis of clinical trials that examined the effect of abandoning daily routine chest radiography in adults in intensive care units (ICUs). Studies were identified through searches of MEDLINE, Cochrane Database, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Biological Abstracts, and CINAHL. The results were expressed as odds

ratios (ORs) or weighted mean difference (WMD) along with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results: Eight studies with a total of 7078 patients were identified. A pooled analysis revealed that the elimination of daily routine chest radiography did Immunology & Inflammation inhibitor not affect either hospital or ICU mortality (OR, 1.02;[95% CI: 0.89, 1.17; P = .78 and OR, 0.92; 95% CI: 0.76, 1.11; P = .4, respectively). There was no significant difference in ICU LOS (WMD = 0.19 days; 95% CI: -0.13, 0.51; P = .25), hospital LOS (WMD = -0.29 days; 95% CI: -0.71, 0.13; P = .18), and ventilator days (WMD = 0.33 days; 95% CI: -0.12, 0.78; P = .15) between the on-demand and daily routine groups. Regression analyses failed to identify any subgroup in which performing daily routine chest radiography was beneficial.

Conclusion: Systematic but unselective daily routine chest radiography can likely be eliminated without increasing adverse

outcomes in adult patients in ICUs. Further studies are necessary to identify the specific patient population that would benefit from daily routine chest radiographs. (C) RSNA, 2010″
“Rectifying and photoelectronic properties of the La(0.67)Ba(0.33)MnO(3)/SrTiO(3):Nb junctions with the film thickness from d = 0.5 to 30 nm have been systematically studied. It is found that the electronic transport of the junction is dominated by quantum tunneling or thermoionic emission when film thickness is below or above 1 nm. The rectifying ratio and ideality factor, correspondingly, experience a sudden change as film thickness grows from 0.5 to 1 nm and a smooth variation with film thickness above 1 nm. The threshold film thickness for the establishment of a mature depletion layer is therefore 1 nm.

(J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012;240:199-204)”
“Purpose of reviewTo review the association of pregnancy with the risk of subsequent development of rheumatic autoimmune diseases in women, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus, and scleroderma.Recent findingsThere is a small but growing literature

related to the risk of autoimmune rheumatic disease in association with pregnancy history. However, AZD1208 chemical structure results conflict both in terms of the direction and magnitude of risk of disease in relationship to prior pregnancy history. Although anecdotal evidence tends to favor the premise that pregnancy is protective against certain diseases, such as RA, the heterogeneity of results precludes

the ability to confirm an association in either direction. There is indication that time elapsed since pregnancy may influence risk, with the postpartum year being of particular relevance.SummaryTo date, a clear pattern has not emerged regarding pregnancy and the future risk of autoimmune rheumatic diseases. This topic requires greater study, and given the strong female preponderance of these diseases, future research efforts should seek to resolve this important issue.”
“(18)F-Labelled fluoroazomycin arabinoside ([(18)F]FAZA) is a 2-nitroimidazole (azomycin) based PET tracer used extensively in cancer clinics to diagnose tumour hypoxia. The hypoxia-specific uptake and rapid blood Epigenetic inhibitor libraries clearance kinetics of FAZA contribute to good tumor-to-background ratios (T/B ratios) and high image contrast. However, FAZA, an alpha-configuration nucleoside, is not transported by cellular nucleoside transporters. It enters cells only via diffusion, therefore not achieving the high uptake and T/B ratios characteristic

of actively transported radiopharmaceuticals. The present work describes the synthesis, physicochemical properties and preliminary assessment of the radiosensitization properties of two novel azomycin nucleosides, 1-beta-D-(2-deoxy-2-fluoroarabinofuranosyl)-2-nitroimidazole Roscovitine mouse (beta-2-FAZA) and 1-beta-D-(3-deoxy- 3-fluorolyxofuranosyl)-2-nitroimidazole (beta-3-FAZL) (fluorination yields 60% and 55%, respectively). The tosylated precursors required to synthesize the corresponding F- 18 labeled radiopharmaceuticals are also reported. The partition coefficients (P) for beta-2-FAZA (1.0) and beta-3-FAZL (0.95) were marginally lower than reported for FAZA (1.1). The radiosensitization properties of both these compounds are similar to that of FAZA, with sensitizer enhancement ratios (SER) of similar to 1.8 for HCT-116 cells.”
“In previous work using thin superconducting films as photon detectors it has been assumed implicitly that the quasiparticle yield in proximized superconducting bilayers should be the same as for a pure superconducting layer with the same energy gap.