In the case of colon cancer, the assumption is that there is a genetically mediated vulnerability resulting in polyp formation, which converts to cancer via the influence of other genetic or nongenetic factors (ie, diet, environmental toxin exposure). Thus, these polyps will often convert to colon cancer in “high-risk” individuals. The assessment of endophenotypes has come to be increasingly important in our attempts to understand schizophrenia. Of course,

when one Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical considers that there are about 16 000 genes expressed in the brain and, of these, about 6000 to 8000 are expressed only in the brain,54 searching for causative genes associated with the clinical entity of schizophrenia per se is a daunting task. In dealing with quantitative endophenotypic markers and the probability of causal genetic heterogeneity where multiple trichostatin a mechanism of action mutations may induce endophenotypic abnormalities, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical we face a difficult challenge. Also, in analyzing endophenotypic abnormalities, the fact that many brain-based genes are expressed in multiple areas, under varying promoting or disease-inducing nongenetic conditions and across critical neurodevelopmental epochs in the life of the individual, the search for endophenotype–genetic “connections” requires us to sharpen our focus when searching for the vulnerability gene(s) in

schizophrenia. According to Mendel’s Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical second law that genetic traits segregate EPZ-5676 side effects independently in the family, some siblings will express specific endophenotypes independently of others and may be better subjects for characterizing endophenotypic Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical abnormities than the patients themselves. The patients themselves have multiple abnormalities relating to the scope and severity Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of their disease, the treatments used for the disease, and the psychosocial, medical, nutritional,

and many factors associated with schizophrenia. The voyage that has been undertaken in searching for endophenotypes in schizophrenia has taken advantage of a generation of important scientific findings. First among these, of course, is the fulcrum finding of the double helix structure of DNA.55 Second, after the structure of DNA was identified, the advances in the understanding of the transformation of DNA to RNA to proteins to function have taken place over the last 50 years in a rapidly accelerated fashion that has enabled Cilengitide us to come within “hailing distance” of truly understanding the relationship of DNA mutations to clinical and endophenotypic abnormalities. Genetic studies of endophenotypes in schizophrenia The candidate endophenotypes that have been examined in schizophrenia range from metabolic and developmental measures to brain structural and functional traits, as well as neuropsychological and neurophysiological indices. The neurodevelopmental endophenotype candidates include mutations in candidate genes such as NURRI.

DSM-IV schizophrenia is a discrete category Like other disorders, DSM-IV defines schizophrenia as a discrete category rather than a quantitative dimension, despite its qualification that “there is no assumption that each category of mental customer reviews disorder is a completely discrete entity with absolute boundaries dividing it from other mental

disorders or from no mental disorder” (p xxii, DSM-IV). Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical An implicit implication of this approach is that schizophrenia differs qualitatively from states of health or normalcy. This idea holds that schizophrenia begins with the onset of its symptoms as listed in DSM-IV. Before that time, the disorder cannot be recognized validly; if the criteria for other disorders are also not met, individuals cannot receive any psychiatric diagnoses. To a significant degree, the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical “cut point” for making the decision is whether psychotic symptoms arc present

or not. In general, a reliance on discrete Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical categories raises potential problems for cases that share symptoms of somehow multiple disorders, because they may lead to artificial boundary categories and elevated rates of comorbidity.36 Certainly, dimensional models of psychopathology have conceptual and pragmatic limitations as well.37 For example, although a variety of studies have identified underlying dimensions of the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia, (eg, positive, negative, and disorganized symptoms), both the number and

the content of these dimensions remain unclear.38 These concerns arc significant, but the question remains as to whether a dimensional Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical model describes the biological nature of schizophrenia more accurately than a categorical one? Is it more valid? Certainly, a dimensional view of schizophrenia is more consistent Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical (than a categorical one) with polygenic models of inheritance, which is the model that provides the best account of the familial transmission of schizophrenia.23,39 Polygenic models assume that multiple genes combine with one another and with environmental factors to cause schizophrenia. Because Dacomitinib multiple genes and environmental risk factors are involved, it is possible for people to have low, moderate, or high “doses” of risk factors that predispose to schizophrenia. People with very high doses are at high risk for schizophrenia, those with moderate doses may have related conditions such as schizotypal personality disorder, negative symptoms, neuropsychological impairment, or other neurobiological manifestations of the predisposition to schizophrenia.40 It is clear that, in this view, a dimensional model describes the range of schizophrenic illness better than does a categorical one.

Microspheres were fabricated from an aqueous SF solution by laminar jet break-up flow and were investigated as a platform for controlled drug delivery [16]. The assembly process was reported for SF particles loaded with small molecule model drugs, such as alcian blue, rhodamine B, and crystal violet, produced by an all-aqueous salting out process [17], and it was demonstrated that the release kinetics of crystal violet is dependent on the secondary structure of the SF particles. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical We attempted to selleck compound design an oral drug delivery system based on the ability of SF to undergo conformational transition from a random

coil to a β-sheet form to induce crystallinity and produce an interpenetrating network (IPN). Several different approaches

to develop a SF-based drug delivery system were used: (1) film and matrix casting with varying composition of SF, gelatin, glycerin and the model drug, and (2) spray drying of SF/model drug solution. Multiple factors were Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical kinase inhibitor ARQ197 evaluated for their effect on SF β-sheet formation, including solvents, SF molecular weight, silk source, and so forth. The aim of our study is also to understand the silk fibroin processing and control of structure in connection with design of a controlled release matrix. 2. Materials and Methods Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical 2.1. Reagents and Chemicals Cocoons of Bombyx mori silkworm silk were kindly provided by M. Goldsmith (University of Rhode Island, USA). Low MW (~14kDa) SF powder was supplied by Lalilab (Raleigh, USA). Raw silk fiber (Grade 5A, Bombyx mori silk) was purchased from RIA International LLC (East Hanover, NJ, USA), and Fibro-Silk Powder (MW ~ 100kDa) was purchased from Arch Chemicals, Inc (Atlanta, GA, USA). Both Sephadex G-25 (medium grade) and

Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical sodium carbonate were purchased Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical from J. T. Baker (Austin, TX, USA). Naproxen sodium was supplied by RoChem International, Inc (Ronkonkoma, NY, USA). Sodium dodecyl sulfate and calcium chloride dihydrate were purchased from Spectrum Chemical (New Brunswick, NJ, USA). Lithium bromide, calcium nitrate, and potassium bromide were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Entinostat Louis, MO, USA). Gelatin (Type B, 150 Bloom limed bone, NF) was obtained from Rousselot (France). Glycerin (USP, Kosher, vegetable-based) was obtained from Proctor and Gamble (Cincinnati, OH, USA). All other chemicals were of analytical or pharmaceutical grade, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, and were used without any additional purification. 2.2. Silk Blend Preparation Silk fibroin aqueous stock solutions were prepared as described previously with some modifications [16, 18]. Briefly, cocoons, silk powder, or grade 5A raw silk were boiled several times for 1 hour in aqueous solutions of 0.02M Na2CO3, or 0.25% NaCO3/0.25% NaSO4 mixture, rinsed thoroughly with distilled water to remove the glue-like sericin proteins and dried.

There were significantly higher PAP values during 6-60 min of the experiment compared to the PHE-HOX and PHE-NOX groups. There was no significant alteration between the LAP, PAWP and LW values during the time course of the experiment in this group. Furthermore, LW in the selleck HOX-PHE group was less than the PHE-NOX and PHE-HOX groups however this value was only significant during 4-8 min of the experiments.

There was no alteration between the LAP and PAWP values in the PHE-NOX, PHE-HOX and HOX-PHE groups during 60 min of experiments (figures 3B-​-DD). Figure 4 shows a real trace of the effect of selleck chemicals Regorafenib hypoxic ventilation at the start of PHE on mean PAP (mPAP) and LW. The prominent increase in PAP and concomitant Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical decrease of the lung weight are shown. Figure 4 Real tracing that shows the effect of phenylephrine (PHE) on mean pulmonary

artery pressure (mPAP) and lung weight (LW) after starting hypoxic ventilation. The sharp increases in mPAP and concomitant decrease in LW are indicated. Discussion The main finding of this study was the observation of a biphasic Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical response by pulmonary vasculature to sustained hypoxic ventilation in the presence of PHE, an α1-adrenergic agonist receptor in the isolated perfused rat lung. Ventilating the lung Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical with normoxic-normocapnic gas did not change PAP, lung weight, airway pressure, LAP, PO2, PCO2, HCO3-, pH and osmolarity during steady state and 60 min of the experiment which showed the stability of the isolated perfused lung system in our preparations. In the PHE treated normoxic-normocapnic Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical group, PAP increased gradually during the time course of the experiment which might be

related to increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration after administration of PHE.13,14,16 Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical In the hypoxic-normocapnia control group, PAP did not increase in all experiments; a result that has been observed in other species.6,17 Hypoxia is reported to elicit a sustained monophasic rise in PAP in vivo, and a biphasic response in the isolated pulmonary artery and isolated perfused lung. Some investigators have shown interspecies variability in the response of pulmonary vessels to alveolar hypoxia.2,18 Although a number of studies have shown sustained HPV in the isolated pulmonary artery Batimastat in rats, only short term hypoxic response was observed by using high concentrations of KCl, angiotensin II, PGF2α and endothelial derived relaxing factor inhibitors in the isolated artery and isolated perfused rat lung.9-12 In some preparations, researchers exposed the isolated rat artery to anoxic (O2=0%) but not hypoxic gas and interpreted the results as a hypoxic response by pulmonary vasculature.12 In the present study, PHE sharply increased PAP only after starting hypoxic-normocapnic ventilation. This response was biphasic and approximated the biphasic response of pulmonary vessels to alveolar hypoxia in other species.

Indeed, the consistency of end-of-life choices with the patient’s wishes is given only a minor relevance. Another result that is worth discussing is the small relevance given to being in control of oneself (i.e. C3). Only one third of the documents refers to this item, whereas it is one of the most important elements

of end-of-life care present in the literature [59]. This might be due to the fact that the maintenance of control is a multifaceted and a selleckchem patient centred issue, which can only with difficulty be addressed Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical by policy statements on palliative and end-of-life care. The same conclusion may be suggested for completion and meaningfulness at the end of life (i.e. D1), which is given a minor relevance in the documents, while several qualitative studies on patients, families and caregivers account for this item [12,17,23,56,60,62]. On the other hand, there seems to be no persuasive explanation to the fact that minimising the burden of caring on the family is hardly covered in the statements. While,

according to the literature, freedom from financial and physical Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical burden is considered by patients and caregivers as one Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of the most important component of a end-of-life care [17,56,58,59,61] only a few documents address this issue. It might be suggested that, in general, the statements tend to consider “financial and physical” support to the family as less relevant than “emotional” support. In fact, a great number of documents consider emotional support to the family (i.e. B2) as reasonably important. Nevertheless, this consideration does not prevent from observing that minimizing the burden of care is generally underestimated in Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the documents. Finally, it is worth noting that a definition of quality of life at the end Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of life is lacking, whereas this issue is widely covered by the documents. Of course, the concept of quality of life is highly individual and fluid, and it might be difficult to give a precise definition of this notion. However, several studies have already proved the possibility of developing instruments

to assess both the quality of life for dying patients and the quality of care at the end of life [52,57,59,63,64]. Therefore, it might be observed that the documents generally fail to address the issue of quality of life in a consistent GSK-3 and precise manner. Conclusions This work demonstrates that all the dimensions of end-of-life care stemming from the literature are reflected in the official documents by the most representative organizations committed to the definition of guidelines for the care of the dying patients. A few additional items emerged from the analysis of the documents, thus completing the framework which was formerly taken from the literature. The resulting grid (see Table ​Table2:2: New thematic grid) consists of a more comprehensive framework, which might facilitate the assessment of the high quality palliative care process.

35,36 Some studies have suggested this gene-environment interaction

may be stronger in females than males.35,37 Norepinephrine Norepinephrine (NE) is primarily produced in cells of the pontine locus ceruleus. Similar to 5-HT neurons, these cells project to multiple cortical and subcortical brain regions, many of which have been implicated in the biology of depression. The NE system is well known to modulate Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the stress response, and the locus Bosutinib ceruleus receives inputs from several other neurotransmitter systerns providing information about homeostasis (eg, 5-HT, opioids, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), DA, and glutamate). Norepinephrine exerts its effects through Ganetespib interaction with pre- and postsynaptic α- and β-adrenergic receptors. Similarly to 5-HT, following release from the presynaptic nerve terminal, NE is taken back up into the presynaptic terminal by the norepinephrine transporter (NET) where it is Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical either repackaged or metabolized by MAO. A role for NE in the pathophysiology of depression is

fairly well-established but less clear than for 5-HT. Administration of drugs that deplete NE stores (such as reserpine) can precipitate depressive symptoms – however, such drugs affect stores of other neurotransmitters such as 5-HT and DA. Studies of NE metabolite Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical levels (primarily 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylglycol [MHPG]) in the CSF of depressed patients have yielded inconsistent results. Currently, radioligands for the majority of NE receptors and the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical NET are not available for use in humans. However, depletion of NE in depressed patients taking noradrenergic antidepressants can result in depressive relapse.38 Further, depleting NE (as well as DA) in euthymic, unmedicated patients with a history of

depression Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical can precipitate a relapse.39 Suicide victims have been reported to exhibit increased activity of tyrosine hydroxylase, the enzyme that controls the rate-limiting step of synthesis of NE in the locus ceruleus.40 Drugfree depressed patients exhibit a blunted growth hormone response to clonidine, an β2-adrenergic agonist. A role for the NE system in depression is further supported by data on the effects of antidepressant medications in humans and animal models. Selective NE reuptake inhibitors (eg, maprotiline, desipramine, and reboxetine) have all been shown to be efficacious Batimastat in the treatment of depression. Many tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) medications inhibit both NE and 5-HT uptake, including imipramine. So-called non-TCA “dual” reuptake inhibitors, such as duloxetine and venlafaxine, inhibit reuptake of both 5-HT and NE, are effective in treating depression, and have been suggested to be more efficacious overall than certain SSRIs,41,42 though this remains a controversial area. Chronic administration of antidepressant medications or electroconvulsive shock (ECS) are associated with increased noradrenergic neuretransmission.

37 However, two other studies reported positive results. Zhang et al38 investigated the T102C polymorphism and found a slight difference in genotype distribution in 15 subjects with a history of suicide attempt and 87 subjects without suicidal behavior. The same polymorphism was investigated in suicidal ideation in patients with major depression and an increase in the C (T102C) allele in suicidal ideation was found.39 Thus, studies on Caucasian populations have not been conclusive. Bjork et al40 investigated whether this polymorphism could be specifically Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical related to impaired impulse control in adults recruited from the community. They reported that the 102C/102C genotype was jointly associated with a greater incidence

of past mood disorder or substance use disorder, as well as significantly more commission errors on CPT (continuous performance test) compared with the 102T/102C and 102C/102C genotypes, suggesting that the T102C 5-HT2A receptor polymorphism might be a marker for impaired behavior in the context Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of how to order psychiatric disorder history.40 Taking all that into account, we examined the role of T102C polymorphism of the 5HT2A gene in a selected Brazilian population. A total of 225 unrelated subjects were enrolled after a full explanation

of this study and signing an informed consent. ‘ITtiis Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical study was approved by University’s Ethics Committee. Patient eligibility was ascertained after consecutive admissions at two Belo Horizonte hospitals (Hospital Santa Maria and Clfnica Pinel) meeting the DSM.-IVS.30 diagnostic criteria based on a structured interview Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical (MINI-PLUS). Only patients with a diagnosis of recurrent major depression (n=78) or schizophrenia

(n=95) without any other current comorbid Axis I disorder were selected. Healthy Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical controls were students, nurses, and staff members (n=52), all free of psychiatric and medical illness, with no family history of Axis I psychiatric disorder in first-degree relatives. A review of medical records was performed and suicide history was independently assessed, using a semistructured interview.19,29 Sixty-six patients had a history of suicide attempts (2.5±1.2,mean±SD).The Lethality Rating Scale, adapted as previously Dacomitinib described,19,29 was used to selleck screening library measure the degree of medical damage of the most, lethal lifetime suicide attempt. DNA was isolated from lymphocytes using routine procedures. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the HT2A/T102C region containing the polymorphic site produced a 372 -bp fragment. This was digested with the restriction enzyme Hpall. The uncut product corresponded to the nucleotide sequence TCT. Digested products with 216 and 126 bp corresponded to TCC allele as described elsewhere.35 Chi-square tests were used to compare frequencies. Patients and controls were not different in terms of demographic characteristics like age and sex. Moreover, no differences were observed in genotypic frequencies across these groups (Table VI). Table VI.

Countries in each WHO region were ranked, from highest to lowest, by estimated number of smokers. The first six countries in the European Region, molecule library as well as the first five countries in each of other WHO regions were selected to give a sample with the highest contribution to the global burden of smoking across all WHO regions. In instances where country laws were not available, or where verified translations were not accessible electronically, the next country on the list was selected, provided the numbers of smokers in both countries were comparable. In the African and

Eastern Mediterranean regions, where these numbers were far apart, fewer countries were selected. This led to a final selection of 25 countries: six countries in the European region, five countries in the Americas, South-East Asia and Western Pacific regions, and two countries in the African and Eastern Mediterranean regions. The countries by region are as follows: Africa (South Africa, Kenya); The Americas (Mexico, Canada, Brazil, Argentina, USA); South-East Asia (Nepal, Thailand, India, Bangladesh, Indonesia); Europe (Spain, Turkey, Poland, United Kingdom, Ukraine, Russia); Eastern

Mediterranean (Pakistan, Egypt) and Western Pacific (Australia, Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam, China). Scoring criteria We examined the FCTC article guidelines and distinguished required guidelines from optional recommendations by careful examination of how they were worded.

Required guidelines were considered those that used words such as “must”, “should”, or “shall”; while optional guidelines were classified as those that used words such as “may” or “can”, or contained phrases like “Parties should consider…”. The resulting scoring criteria contained 19 mandatory health warning components grouped under the following five categories: location, size, message content, language and display of misleading descriptors. We also assessed optional recommendations such as the use of pictograms, contrast, and the provision of a “quit line” number. We used the scoring criteria thus created to assess each country’s compliance with FCTC article 11 guidelines on tobacco packaging and labeling. We extracted country tobacco laws from the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids website http://www.tobaccocontrollaws.org[14], Batimastat as this was considered a reliable source of verified translations of the tobacco packaging and labeling laws of different countries. We awarded one point for meeting each required guideline and one-half point where guidelines partially complied with the FCTC requirements. If a country’s laws did not precisely reflect what the FCTC guidelines specify, no point was awarded. Thus, higher total scores indicate greater alignment of the laws with the guidelines. Analysis Scores across all article 11 requirements were totaled for each country to reflect the overall level of alignment with the guidelines.

2,3 In the present case we used high dose of vitamin B12, which resulted

in the resolution of erythema nodosum in a few days later. It is suggested that in the present case there was an association of methylmalonic acidemia and erythema nodosum. High dose of vitamin B12 may play a role in the resolution of erythema nodosum. It is recommended that this association be considered in future.
Background: World Health Fingolimod Organization declared Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical pandemic phase of human infection with novel influenza A (H1N1) in April 2009. There are very few reports about the neurological complications of H1N1 virus infection in the literature. Occasionally, these complications are severe and even fatal in some individuals. The aims of this study were

to report neurological complaints and/or complications associated with H1N1 virus Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical infection. Methods: The medical files of all patients with H1N1 influenza infection admitted to a specified hospital in the city of , from October through November 2009 were reviewed. More information about the patients were obtained by phone calls to the patients or their care givers. All patients had confirmed H1N1 virus infection with real-time PCR assay. Results: Fifty-five patients with H1N1 infection were studied. Twenty-three patients had neurological signs and/or symptoms. Mild neurological complaints may be reported in up to 42% of patients infected by H1N1 virus. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Severe neurological complications occurred in 9% of the patients. The most common neurological manifestations were headache, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical numbness and paresthesia, drowsiness and coma. One patient had a Guillain-Barre syndrome-like illness, and died in a few days. Another patient had focal status epilepticus and encephalopathy. Conclusions: The H1N1 infection seems to have been quite mild with a self-limited course in much of the world, yet there appears to be a Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical subset, which is severely affected. We recommend performing diagnostic tests for H1N1influenza virus in all patients with respiratory illness and neurological signs/symptoms. We also recommend initiating treatment with appropriate antiviral drugs as soon as possible in those with any significant

neurological presentation accompanied with respiratory illness and flu-like symptoms. Key Words: AV-951 Influenza A (H1N1), neurological, seizure, coma http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Tubacin.html Introduction The seasonal influenza virus infection has been associated with various neurological complications.1 Influenza has been accompanied with many cases of encephalitis and encephalopathy.2,3 Human infection with novel influenza A (H1N1) was first detected in ,4 and then the virus spread rapidly to the other countries.5 World Health Organization (WHO) declared pandemic phase of the disease in April 2009. The majority of infected patients live in highly populated areas. Most of the patients develop mild to moderate respiratory symptoms.6 The main clinical manifestations of the infection are fever, cough and sore throat.

Other researchers, though using a 3D sensor, do not consider at all the third dimension in the features used to represent the hand postures. That is the case of [5], where the authors use a 3D depth camera but only consider the 2D outline of the hand segment in their recognition process. A 3D image describes better the hand posture than a 2D image. It provides less occlusion. The 2D image is the projection in a given plane of the 3D image. Two different 3D hand postures projected on a particular plane can provide exactly the same information in the 2D images which as a consequence cannot be used to differentiate them.The design of a rotation invariant system has not been successfully achieved so far. Indeed many researchers consider the principal component analysis to evaluate the orientation of the 2D hand image but, as acknowledged by [6], this method is not always accurate. Not only has the estimation of the rotation of a 2D hand segment not been successful so far but, furthermore, the evaluation of the orientation of a 3D hand segment is not considered in most existing approaches.To test their hand motion classification using a multi-channel surface electromyography sensor, [7] only consider five testing images per gesture. Contrary to most of the studies on this topic, a significant number of testing samples has been considered to validate the proposed algorithm. Indeed, testing more than 1,000 images per gesture in average instead of five provides more evidence on the robustness of the methodology.The objective of the current study is to design a range camera based system where a high number of postures taken from the alphabet of the Regorafenib IC50 American Sign Language can be recognized in real-time. Contrary to existing methods, the current one allows hand posture recognition independently of the orientation of the user’s hand. It makes use of a 3D signature, considers only one training image per posture and uses a significant number of testing images for its evaluation.The term ��gesture�� means that the character considered cannot be performed without a dynamic movement of the hand while ��posture�� refers to a character that can be fully described with a static position of the hand. In this paper ��Static gestures�� doesn’t mean that the user is not moving his hand. ��Static gestures�� or ��postures�� relate to the different characters of the American Sign Language Alphabet as shown in the paper except ��Z�� and ��J��. Once the user performs one of them, he can rotate and move his hand in whatever direction he wants to. The objective is to make the system recognize this posture no matter the position of the user’s hand.This paper is structured as follows: Section 2 reviews the literature on methods used for hand gesture recognition. Section 3 describes the set up of the experiment and Section 4, the segmentation process used. The methodologies considered for tracking the hand motion are provided in Section 5.