It also demonstrated that resolve and the commitment of resources to combat stigma, develop

resilience, and foster patient empowerment were very much needed in Hong Kong and perhaps in Asia and elsewhere.”
“Setting. With the ageing of the world’s population, any health problem which adversely affects quality of life in older persons becomes increasingly salient. Persistent pain is one of the most prevalent health conditions faced by adults of advanced age, Selinexor concentration and is recognized as a major concern for this segment of the population.

Results. Numerous epidemiologic surveys suggest that pain is most common during the late middle-aged phase of life (55-65 years) and continues at approximately the same prevalence into older age (65+). This is true regardless of the anatomical site or the pathogenic cause of pain. The one exception appears to be pain associated with degenerative joint disease (e. g., osteoarthritis) which shows an exponential increase until at least 90 years of age. Common age associated conditions like dementia may result in a reduced frequency and intensity of pain. Daily pain is a major risk factor for developing disability and the oldest age cohorts are most vulnerable. Discretionary and higher order physical activities appear most

affected, while basic activities of daily living may be modified but are rarely ceased altogether. Similar relationships have been documented for risk of depression and mood disturbance in older persons with persistent pain. Despite such well characterized adverse impacts, pain learn more often remains poorly treated in older persons. This occurs across all health care settings examined (i.e., emergency, acute, outpatient, long-term care).

Conclusion. Improved knowledge for both health professionals and patients, addressing the current research gaps and expansion of age-appropriate selleck pain

management services will be required to better meet the needs of our rapidly ageing population.”
“Aim

NK-1 receptors in sensory nerves, the spinal cord and bladder smooth muscle participate in complex sensory mechanisms that regulate bladder activity. This study was designed to assess the efficacy and safety of a new NK-1 receptor antagonist, netupitant, in patients with OAB.

Methods

This was a phase II, multicenter, double-blind study in which adults with OAB symptoms >6 months were randomized to receive 1 of 3 doses of netupitant (50, 100, 200 mg) or placebo once daily for 8 weeks. The primary efficacy endpoint was percentage change from baseline in average number of daily micturitions at week 8. Urinary incontinence, urge urinary incontinence (UUI), and urgency episodes were also assessed.

Results

The primary efficacy endpoint was similar in the treatment groups (-13.85 for placebo to -16.

“
“Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is widely used in industry; it is nonbiodegradable and persistent in the human body and in the environment. Although reports have indicated that young people might have higher PFOS levels in serum or blood than do older people, its adverse effects on neonatal testicular cells had not been investigated previously. PCB 153 is one of the most prevalent polychlorinated CA3 chemical structure biphenyl (PCB) congeners in biological tissues, but the direct adverse effect of

PCB 153 on neonatal testis remains unclear. In this study, we exposed a neonatal Sertoli cell/gonocyte coculture system to PFOS and PCB 153 individually at concentrations of 0, 1, 10, 50, and 100 M for 24 h. Exposure to either compound reduced the cell viability and induced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) buy S3I-201 in dose-dependent manners, with PCB 153 having a greater effect than PFOS. Whereas PCB 153 induced apoptosis significantly from 10 M, PFOS induced no obvious change. Morphologically, both PCB 153 and PFOS induced changes in the vimentin and actin filaments

in the Sertoli cells, as investigated using confocal argon ion laser scanning microscopy; here, PFOS exhibited a more dramatic effect than did PCB 153. Furthermore, doses of 50 M for PFOS and 10 M for PCB 153 were the key concentrations that produced significant differences between the control and exposure groups. We suggest that both PCB 153 and PFOS directly affect neonatal gonocyte and Sertoli cells; the production of ROS and the change in the cytoskeleton in Sertoli cells might be causes. (c) 2011

Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2013.”
“Objective. To identify risk factors for hernia repair following open retropubic, pure laparoscopic and robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. Material and methods. The medical records of 632 patients who had undergone radical prostatectomy (open retropubic n == 430, pure laparoscopic n == 49, and robot-assisted laparoscopic n == 202) were reviewed retrospectively. Patients with postprostatectomy inguinal hernia were defined as those who had undergone subsequent hernia repair. The mean period of follow-up was 19.5 months (median 19, range 1 to 42). Results. Hernia repairs were performed in 27 of the 632 patients find more (4.3%). The site of the repair was right in 15 patients (55.6%), left in 9 patients (33.3%), and bilateral in 3 patients (11.1%). The timing of the hernia repair ranged from 4 to 35 months (mean 13.1) following radical prostatectomy. No difference in hernia-repair-free rates was observed between the extraperitoneal open and transperitoneal pure or robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy procedures (p == 0.225, log-rank test). The log-rank test revealed that the nerve sparing procedure (p == 0.019) and the absence of diabetes (p == 0.017) were significant risk factors for postprostatectomy hernia repair.

Observational studies have provided evidence for a potential association between the two. By contrast, clinical data for a link between type 2 diabetes mellitus, a condition strongly associated with obesity, and thyroid cancer are limited and largely not supportive of such an association. Obesity leads to hypoadiponectinemia, a pro-inflammatory state, and insulin resistance, which, in turn, leads to high circulating insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 levels, thereby possibly increasing the risk for thyroid cancer. Thus, insulin resistance possibly plays a pivotal role in underlying

the observed association JQ-EZ-05 between obesity and thyroid cancer, potentially leading to the development and/or progression of thyroid cancer, through its interconnections with other factors including insulin-like growth factor-1, adipocytokines/cytokines and thyroid-stimulating hormone. In this review, epidemiological and clinical evidence and potential mechanisms underlying the proposed association between obesity and thyroid cancer risk are reviewed. If the association between obesity and thyroid cancer demonstrated in observational studies proves to be causal, targeting obesity (and/or downstream mediators of risk) could be of importance in the prevention and management of thyroid cancer.”
“Chronic

kidney disease is common and associated with significant morbidity. Given the high risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic

kidney disease, it is important to identify and treat related risk factors. However, there is growing uncertainty about the benefits of some recommended treatment selleck kinase inhibitor targets. The National Kidney Foundation’s Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative guidelines recommend an A1C level of less than 7 percent in patients with diabetes mellitus, although there is no evidence that treatment to this goal reduces cardiovascular events or progression to end-stage renal disease. Optimal blood pressure goals are controversial, and further study is needed to determine these goals in see more relation to amount of proteinuria. Concurrent use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers leads to worsening kidney function and is not recommended. Lipid-lowering therapy has been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events and mortality, but not progression of chronic kidney disease. The treatment of anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease, particularly the use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and optimal hemoglobin goals, is also controversial. Studies have shown increased morbidity and mortality with use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents aimed at normalizing hemoglobin levels. Patients with chronic kidney disease are at high risk of morbidity and mortality from the use of intravenous contrast agents. Isotonic intravenous hydration with sodium bicarbonate or saline has been shown to prevent contrast-induced nephropathy.

4 +/- 2.4) than African Americans (6.5 +/- 2.6) [ANOVA, p < 0.001] and greater in men (7.4 +/- 2.4) than in women (6.7 +/- 2.5) [T-test, p < 0.001]. In multivariate model, greater SAI (range 0-12) was associated with increased likelihood of being placed on the waiting list (hazard ratio [HR] 1.19 [95% CI 1.15-1.23] per each point of increase in SAI, p < 0.001) and greater

likelihood of receiving a transplant once listed (HR of 1.06 [95% CI 1.03-1.09] per point of increase in SAI, p < 0.001). Similar trends were observed in most of the subgroups (based upon race, sex, diabetic Z-IETD-FMK manufacturer status, age, comorbidities, and donor type). SAI is associated with access to renal transplantation in patients with end-stage renal disease; it may be used to indentify individuals at risk of healthcare disparities.”
“We describe a technique of irrigating and thereby rapidly

and effectively clearing the cornea of relatively large amounts of surface contaminants that reduce surgical visibility and may contribute to endophthalmitis. This technique is referred to as “”macrowash “” If the technique is required, it is usually at the commencement of cataract surgery, immediately after placement of the surgical drape. The technique not only saves time, but also reduces the volume of irrigating solution required by the “”microwash”" technique, which is traditionally carried out by the scrub nurse/surgical assistant using find more a Rycroft cannula attached to a 15 mL container of irrigating solution.

Financial Disclosure: No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.

J Cataract Refract

Surg 2010; 36.1453-1454 (C) 2010 ASCRS and ESCRS”
“We compressed NaCl-B2 to 304 GPa and presented a pressure scale based on the Birch-Murnaghan and Vinet equations of state for this phase. The pressure difference between the two formulations of the equation of state was less than 2.0% within the pressure range of 50-364 buy OSI-744 GPa. The present data indicates that the uniaxial stress of the platinum used in the sample is 2.4 GPa and comparable with that of runs using a helium pressure medium. The compression curve of NaCl-B2 was expressed by the Birch-Murnaghan equation of state with fixed volume at ambient pressure, where V(0) = 37.73(4.05) angstrom(3), K = 47.00(46) GPa and K’ = 4.10(2) based upon Matsui et al.’s platinum scale. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3573393]“
“Activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) followed by increased inflammatory cytokines may be important in the pathogenesis of chronic allograft dysfunction. As many renal transplant recipients show chronic changes on biopsy within the first year, early RAS blockade with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) could be beneficial. However, it remains unclear that early ACEI use is safe. We conducted a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial to assess the safety of enalapril 5 mg during the early post-transplant period.

Both a theoretical model and finite element simulations were developed and compared to experimental data achieved by optical profilometry on bent Si crystals. A

quantifier of the extent of AD, namely the ratio between primary and secondary curvature radii, has been found to be orientation dependent and determined analytically. The realistic case of crystal bending by a mechanical holder has been studied for applications. We addressed the case of the holder with a crystal at the energy currently under operation in the CERN super proton synchrotron and its possible extension to higher energy cases such as for the large hadron collider. Anisotropy-driven GDC-0994 ic50 torsion of the crystal was investigated, determining a limitation to the portion of Akt inhibitor the crystal suitable for channeling. The geometry of the jaws clamping the crystal was considered too. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3372722]“
“Background and Objectives: Peritoneal dialysis catheter (PDC)

complications are an important barrier to peritoneal dialysis (PD) utilization. Practice guidelines for PDC placement exist, but it is unknown if these recommendations are followed. We performed a quality improvement study to investigate this issue.

Methods: A prospective observational study involving 46 new patients at a regional US PD center was performed in collaboration with a nephrology fellowship program. Patients completed a questionnaire derived from the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis (ISPD) catheter guidelines and were followed for early complications.

Results: Approximately 30% of patients reported not being evaluated for hernias, not being asked to visualize their exit site, or not receiving catheter location marking before placement. After insertion, 20% of patients reported not being given instructions for follow-up care, and 46% reported not being taught the warning signs of PDC infection. Directions to manage constipation (57%), immobilize the PDC (68%), or leave the dressing undisturbed (61%)

after insertion were not consistently reported. Nearly 40% of patients reported that their PDC education was inadequate. In 41% of patients, a complication FDA approved Drug Library developed, with 30% of patients experiencing a catheter or exit-site problem, 11% developing infection, 13% needing PDC revision, and 11% requiring unplanned transfer to hemodialysis because of catheter-related problems.

Conclusions: There were numerous deviations from the ISPD guidelines for PDC placement in the community. Patient satisfaction with education was suboptimal, and complications were frequent. Improving patient education and care coordination for PDC placement were identified as specific quality improvement needs.”
“Soybean is a competitive production material for fibers as it is abundant and cost effective.

Nonadherence was defined as missing any scheduled control visit for more than 6 months. Contact was attempted (mail, telephone, and e-mail), and responders were requested to complete a questionnaire.

Forty-six (17.5 %) out of 263 patients were considered nonadherent. Thirty-three (71.7 %) of these patients completed the questionnaire. The main reasons for nonadherence were work- (36.4 %) and family-related (18.2 %) problems or having moved outside the city or

to the country (15.2 %). The percentage of nonadherent patients aged a parts per PF-03084014 Neuronal Signaling inhibitor thousand currency sign45 years was greater as compared with those aged > 45 years [28 (60.1 %) vs 18 (42.2 %), respectively, P = 0.034]. Likewise, of the 30 patients with unsuccessful weight loss (< 50 % EWL), seven (30.4 %) were in the nonadherent group while 23 (10.6 %) in the adherent group (P = 0.046). Finally, 96.9 % of patients were completely satisfied with surgery and would recommend the procedure to other morbid obese patients.

The nonadherence rate to follow-up visits after bariatric surgery this website was

17.5 %, mainly associated with work-related problems. Nonadherence was greater in patients aged a parts per thousand currency sign45 years and in those with poor weight loss.”
“Background We hypothesized that body shape metrics influence the anatomy of spinal canal and intraabdominal pressure in three dimensions. We explored the effects of abdominal circumference, trunk length, and their combination on the level of spinal anesthesia in the term parturient in this

study.

Methods Thirty term parturients, ASA class I-II, from 20 to 41 years of age, scheduled for cesarean FAK inhibitor section were enrolled in this observational study. Abdominal circumference (AC) and trunk length (TL) were recorded preoperatively. Spinal anesthesia was performed with 10 mg 0.5 % hyperbaric bupivacaine at the L4-L5 intervertebral space in all parturients. Correlation between maximal sensory spinal anesthesia level and physical parameters was analyzed with Spearman rank correlation coefficients. The calculated r value was compared with r = 0 with p < 0.05 as the significant level. The prediction power of these physical parameters for spinal level was evaluated by prediction probability.

Results The parameter TL/AC(2) was statistically correlated with maximal sensory level (Spearman correlation coefficient, -0.45 with p < 0.02). The prediction probability of TL/AC(2) for the dermatomal level was P-K = 0.685. If the dermatomal levels were lumped as higher (above T2) and lower (below T3) levels, the prediction probability of TL/AC(2) was as high as P-K = 0.856.

Conclusions TL/AC(2), which simulated the ratio of the long axis and transection area of the abdomen, was correlated with maximal spinal level, and parturients with low TL/AC(2) values tended to have higher dermatomal levels during spinal anesthesia.

(Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010;109:890-899)”
“Fruit stones and pericarps of Litchi chinensis, waste products of the food, were studied as a source of polymeric proanthocyanidins. The structures of the polymeric proanthocyanidins isolated from Litchi chinensis were characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) coupled

with high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) analysis. The spectra obtained through MALDI-TOF MS analysis revealed that the dominant A-type procyanidin polymers occurred in each polymer length with one or more A-type linkages. The polymeric proanthocyanidins of litchi fruit stones exhibited longer polymer length than those of fruit pericarps, with polymerization degrees up to 20 and 11 for fruit stones and pericarps, Selumetinib manufacturer SYN-117 in vitro respectively. After depolymerization with toluene-a-thiol, HPLC-ESI-MS analysis showed that epicatechin and A-type dimer were the major constituent units, and the mean polymerization degrees were 15.4 and 5.8 for polymeric proanthocyanidins of fruit stones and pericarps, respectively. The antioxidant properties investigated using DPPH, ABTS and FRAP methods showed that the higher polymerization degree of polymeric proanthocyanidins from litchi fruit stones exhibited higher antioxidant activities than those

from litchi pericarps. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composites were prepared by using twin screw extruder at various (0-5 wt %) MWCNT loadings. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) micrographs showed a relatively good dispersion and random distribution of MWCNT in PVDF matrix. The physical and dielectric properties increased gradually with the increase in MWCNT content but the thermal stability decreased. The DSC result revealed the increase in crystallinity of the

PVDF matrix. Wide angle X-Ray diffraction (WAXD) result showed a large shoulder at 2 theta of 20.78 degrees with increasing in MWCNT content. The experimental percolation threshold for the surface resistance of PVDF/MWCNT composites were estimated and clearly observed at 4 wt % of MWCNT loading. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, AICAR nmr Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 121: 226-233, 2011″
“Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the value of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in differentiating various masticator-space solid lesions.

Study design. Before surgery and/or pathologic verification, diffusion-weighted echo-planar MR imaging was performed on 78 subjects who had lesions in their masticator spaces. Based on their pathologic outcomes, lesions were classified into 3 groups: group 1: benign tumors and tumor-like lesions (23 cases); group 2: inflammatory diseases (14 cases); and group 3: malignant tumors (41 cases).

8 +/- 4.6, PER = 48.7 +/- 3.2, ER = 59.7 +/- 5.5 pg mL(-1), P < 0.01), total prostatic acini (C = 24 190.0 +/- 716.5, PER = 20 https://www.selleckchem.com/products/fosbretabulin-disodium-combretastatin-a-4-phosphate-disodium-ca4p-disodium.html 290.0 +/- 631.4, ER = 19 550.0 +/- 759.1 mu m(2); P < 0.01), lumen of the prostatic acini (C = 5 590.0

+/- 165.4, PER = 3 776.0 +/- 251.3, ER = 4 658.0 +/- 198.1 mu m(2); P < 0.01) and epithelial area of the prostate dorsal lobe (C = 18 120.0 +/- 391.4, PER = 16 520.0 +/- 799.2, ER = 14 890.0 +/- 589.8 mu m(2); P < 0.01). Testosterone concentration was significantly increased only in the PER group when compared with the C group – (C = 0.09 +/- 0.01, PER = 0.44 +/- 0.04, ER = 0.15 +/- 0.03 ng mL(-1), P < 0.001). An adequate nutritional state in early life is important for normal growth of the prostate gland, which seem to be related to serum levels of estradiol.”
“A 34-year-old woman with fulminant myocarditis underwent emergent implant with the Toyobo (Nipro, Osaka, Japan) paracorporeal biventricular assist device (BiVAD). The patient had been stable for 6 months, until she started to develop heart failure symptoms due to severe pulmonary insufficiency. Pulmonary valve closure

and BiVAD conversion to implantable rotary pumps was performed. A DuraHeart centrifugal pump (Terumo Heart Inc, Ann Arbor, MI) was used for left ventricular assist, and a Jarvik 2000 axial-flow pump (Jarvik Heart Inc, New York, NY) was used for right ventricular assist. Although strict management was required to balance the flow rates of the mTOR inhibitor 2 different types of devices, her postoperative course was uneventful and she was discharged home. J Heart Lung Transplant 2011;30:475-8 CB-5083 (C) 2011 International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. All rights reserved.”
“In this paper, we report the characteristics of low-temperature photoluminescence (PL) from condensed electron-hole (e-h) pairs in p-type silicon substrates

with and without high-aspect-ratio trench structures. The average hole diameters of trenches were 140 and 170 nm, and the depth of trenches were about 5 mu m. An Al(2)O(3) surface passivation layer with thickness of 10 nm was grown by atomic layer deposition on surfaces of all samples to reduce nonradiative recombination and provide nucleation centers of condensed e-h pairs at Si/Al(2)O(3) interface. Significant enhancement of PL intensity from e-h liquid/droplet (EHL/EHD) was observed in the trenched silicon at temperature below 30 K. Dominant PL from EHL/EHD at 14 K in the trenched silicon with larger hole diameters may be attributed to stronger spatial confinement of condensed e-h pairs in a smaller volume. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3520663]“
“The androgen receptor (AR) and its coregulators have important roles in the carcinogenesis of prostate cancer. p53 is an important tumour suppressor gene, and the absence of a fundamental p53 response may predispose to cancer.

Additional incorporation of the nanofillers in 2.5 wt % enhanced the stiffness and strength PHA-739358 molecular weight of the PA-6/HNBR blend but reduced its ductility. The fracture toughness

of the ternary nanocomposites was between those of PA-6 and PA-6/HNBR, whereas their fracture energy fairly agreed with that of the parent PA-6. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 123: 897-902, 2012″
“Background The importance of unmetabolized folic acid in maternal and letal blood is not known

Objective We investigated total folate tetrahydrofolate (THF) 5 methyltetrahydrofolate (5 MTHF) formyl THF 5 10 methenyITHF and folic acid concentrations in women and in umbilical cord blood at delivery

Design The study included 87 pregnant women and

29 cord blood Ganetespib research buy samples including 24 mother Infant pairs We measured serum concentrations of folate forms by using ultraperformance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

Results Pregnant women who received 400 mu g folic acid daily (n = 25) had higher total folate (P = 0 041) 5 MTHF (P = 0 049) and formyl THF (P < 0 001) concentrations and slightly higher THF (P = 0 093) concentrations than did nonsupplemented pregnant women (n = 61) We measured folic acid concentrations >0 20 nmol/L in 38 (44%) pregnant women and in 55% of the cord serum samples but these measurements were not explained by maternal supplement use Concentrations of folic acid were nonsignificantly higher in cord blood from supplemented women than in cord blood from nonsupplemented women (P = 0 154) Proportions of folic acid to total folate

in cord serum did not differ according to maternal supplement usage (0 54% compared with 0 43% in supplemented and nonsupplemented women respectively) Concentrations of folic acid did not differ between maternal and cord serum However folic acid constituted a significantly lower proportion of total folate in cord serum than in maternal serum

Conclusions We detected unmetabolized folic acid in more than one half of cord blood samples Folic acid (400 mu g/d) supplied during pregnancy is not likely to accumulate in the fetus in contrast to 5 MTHF and THF which accumulate in the fetus Am J Clin Nutr 10058-F4 2010 92 1416-22″
“A new procedure of determining the time resolved capacitance of a plasma actuator during operation is introduced, representing a simple diagnostic tool that provides insight into the phenomenological behavior of plasma actuators. The procedure is demonstrated by presenting example correlations between consumed electrical energy, size of the plasma region, and the operating voltage. It is shown that the capacitance of a plasma actuator is considerably increased by the presence of the plasma; hence a system that has previously been impedance matched can be considerably de-tuned when varying the operating voltage of the actuator. Such information is fundamental for any attempts to increase the energy efficiency of plasma-actuator systems.

Conclusions: Tariquidar This study has documented an equally high one year periodic prevalence of opioid dispensions in OMT patients as in the general population as well as a high one year periodic prevalence of dispensions of NSAIDs. Dispension of codeine-paracetamol has a relatively high one-year prevalence and is frequently used as a first line analgesic. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“After complete sequencing of its genome and annotation of the majority of its similar to 32,000 genes, rice genome

has become the model genome among the cereal genomes, and the focus has shifted from structural to functional genomics and application of genomic-derived information in rice breeding. During the past 2 decades, intensive worldwide efforts have led to significant improvements JAK2 inhibitors clinical trials in rice. An abundance of molecular markers and information related to many genes/quantitative trait loci that control agronomically important traits such as yield,

quality, and biotic and abiotic stress tolerance have been identified. Bridging the application gap between quantitative trait locus identification and marker-assisted selection breeding is an urgent, arduous, and long-term task. Marker development, allele mining, gene discovery, and molecular breeding have progressed to a great extent because of the rapid development of next-generation sequencing, large/scale high-density genotyping, and genome-wide selection strategies. The LY3039478 supplier availability of high-density markers and the rapidly decreasing cost of genotyping have

facilitated marker-assisted selection of many traits that were previously not possible.”
“Background: Depression with psychomotor agitation (PMA; “”agitated depression”") is a putative psychiatric phenotype that appears to associate with some forms of substance dependence. However, it is unclear whether such relationships extend across different substances and independent (I-MDE) versus substance-induced (SI-MDE) subtypes of major depressive episodes.

Method: We examined whether lifetime depression with (vs. without) PMA was associated with lifetime substance dependence across individuals with lifetime: (1) I-MDE only (n = 575); and (2) SI-MDE only (n = 1683). Data were pooled from several family and genetic studies of substance dependence in which participants received identical structured interviews to diagnose DSM-IV mental disorders.

Results: In I-MDE, PmA was significantly associated with alcohol, cocaine, opioid, other drug (hallucinogen, inhalant, speed-ball), and sedative dependence. After controlling for demographic and clinical co-factors, PMA’s relationship to dependence on opioids, other drugs, and sedatives remained significant, but not its relationship to alcohol or cocaine. In SI-MDE, PMA was significantly associated with alcohol, cocaine, opioid, and other drug dependence.