Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1: Figure S1: XPS survey spectra (a) and XPS C1s core-level spectra (b) of the surfaces of PTFE/PPS superhydrophobic coating samples cured at 390°C for 1.5 hours and then quenched in: air-atmosphere (2°C) cooling

conditions (Q1 coating), low temperature (-60°C) uniform TSA HDAC cooling medium (Q2 coating), and low temperature pure dry ice (20°C) non-uniform cooling medium (Q3 coating). (DOC PF-4708671 research buy 150 KB) References 1. Shin K, Drockenmuller E, Hawker CJ, Russell TP: A generalized approach to the modification of solid surfaces. Science 2005, 308:236–239.CrossRef 2. Zhang X, Shi F, Niu J, Jiang YG, Wang ZQ: Superhydrophobic surfaces: from structural control to functional application. J Mater Chem 2008, 18:621–633.CrossRef 3. Carlborg CF, Wijngaart VDW: Sustained superhydrophobic friction reduction pressures and large flows. Langmuir 2010,27(1):487–493.CrossRef 4. Wang DA, Liu Y, Liu XJ, Zhou F, Liu WM, Xue QJ: Towards a tunable and switchable water adhesion on a TiO 2 nanotube film with patterned wettability. Chem Commun 2009, 45:7018–7020.CrossRef 5. Wan F, Pei XW, Yu B, Ye Q, Zhou F, Xue QJ: Grafting polymer brushes on biomimetic structural surfaces for anti-algae fouling and foul release. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2012, 4:4557–4565.CrossRef selleck chemicals llc 6. Cao LL, Jones AK, Sikka VK, Wu JZ, Gao D: Anti-icing superhydrophobic

coatings. Langmuir 2009,25(21):12444–12448.CrossRef MycoClean Mycoplasma Removal Kit 7. Patankar NA: Mimicking the lotus effect: influence of double roughness structures and slender pillars. Langmuir 2004,20(19):8209–8213.CrossRef 8. Zhao N, Xu J, Xie QD, Weng LH, Guo XL, Zhang XL, Shi LH: Fabrication of biomimetic superhydrophobic coating with a micro-nano-binary structure. Macromol Rapid Commun 2005,26(13):1075–1080.CrossRef 9. Tasaltin N, Sanli D, Jonáš A, Kiraz A, Erkey C: Preparation and characterization of superhydrophobic surfaces based on hexamethyldisilazane-modified nanoporous alumina. Nanoscale Res Lett 2011,6(1):1–8.CrossRef 10. Lee JP, Choi S, Park S: Extremely superhydrophobic surfaces with micro- and nanostructures fabricated by copper

catalytic etching. Langmuir 2011,27(2):809–814.CrossRef 11. Synytska A, Appelhans D, Wang ZG, Simon F, Lehmann F, Stamm M, Grundke K: Perfluoroalkyl end-functionalized oli-goesters: correlation between wettability and end-group segregation. Macromolecules 2007,40(2):297–305.CrossRef 12. Cho KH, Chen LJ: Fabrication of sticky and slippery superhydrophobic surfaces via spin-coating silica nanoparticles onto flat/patterned substrates. Nanotechnology 2011, 22:445706.CrossRef 13. Liu XJ, Ye Q, Song XW, Zhu YW, Cao XL, Liang YM, Zhou F: Responsive wetting transition on superhydrophobic surfaces with sparsely grafted polymer brushes. Soft Matter 2011, 7:515–523.CrossRef 14. Liu Y, Lin W, Lin ZY, Xiu YH, Wong CP: A combined etching process toward robust superhydrophobic SiC surfaces. Nanotechnology 2012, 23:255703.CrossRef 15.

We did not assess the influence of aminoglycoside “mix” (use of which agent predominated at various times) on resistance trends. Reports from the 1980s indicated that predominant use of amikacin at individual institutions

resulted in improved gentamicin and/or tobramycin susceptibility among Gram-negative selleck screening library pathogens without a sacrifice in amikacin susceptibility [19, 20]. Whether the changes in Selleckchem Entospletinib susceptibility we did observe between 1992 and 2012 in our pathogens of interest, none of which were statistically significant, were related to the change from predominant amikacin–gentamicin use to predominant tobramycin use is unknown. Further, whether these non-statistically significant changes were also clinically insignificant is a matter for consideration. Conclusion Low levels of aminoglycoside use, accompanied by stable susceptibility patterns in key Gram-negative pathogens, make these agents viable for treatment of serious infections for which other antibiotics may no longer be suitable. Acknowledgments Dr. John Bosso is the guarantor for this article, and takes responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole. No funding or sponsorship was received for this study or publication of this article. Conflict of interest John Bosso, Martha L. Haines, and Juanmanuel Gomez declare no conflict of interest. Compliance

YH25448 in vivo with ethical guidelines The study was approved by the Medical University of South Carolina Medical Center Institutional Review Board. This article does not contain any studies with human Cyclooxygenase (COX) or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited. References 1. Pakyz AL, MacDougall C, Oinonen M, Polk RE. Trends in antibacterial use in US academic health centers: 2002–2006. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:2254–60.PubMedCrossRef 2. Ababneh M, Harpe S, Oinonen M, Polk RE. Trends in aminoglycoside use and gentamicin-resistant Gram-negative clinical isolates in US academic medical centers: implications for antimicrobial stewardship. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2012;33:594–601.PubMedCrossRef 3. Gerding DN, Larson TA, Hughes RA, Weiler M, Shanholtzer C, Peterson LR. Aminoglycoside resistance and aminoglycoside usage: ten years of experience in one hospital. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1991;35:1284–90.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 4. Weinstein RA, Nathan C, Gruensfelder R, Kabins SA. Endemic aminoglycoside resistance in Gram-negative bacilli: epidemiology and mechanisms. J Infect Dis. 1980;141:338–45.PubMedCrossRef 5. Jacoby GA, Munoz-Price LS. The new β-lactamases. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:280–91. 6. Savard P, Carroll KC, Wilson LE, Perl TM.

Does NAC decrease the risk for developing CIN? Evofosfamide ic50 Answer: We consider not to use NAC Transmembrane Transporters inhibitor for prevention of CIN. It has been suggested that a decrease in renal blood flow and hypoxia of the renal medulla due to vascular constriction, and kidney injury due to reactive oxygen species, may play important roles in the development of CIN. Accordingly, it has been expected that CIN may be prevented with drugs exerting anti-oxidant action such as NAC, ascorbic acid, sodium bicarbonate, and statins, as well as drugs that dilate blood vessels and increase

renal blood flow such as human atrial natriuretic peptide (hANP), dopamine, fenoldopam, prostaglandin, and theophylline, and many clinical studies of these drugs have been conducted. However, no conclusive evidence has been obtained for any of these drugs. NAC, SC79 cost an antioxidant with vasodilative properties [23], has been proven effective in the treatment of hepatic injury due to acetaminophen, and is indicated for the treatment of this condition in Japan

and other countries, including the United States. Because animal studies have indicated that NAC may protect the myocardium and preserve kidney function [128], it was expected to prevent CIN in humans. After the report by Tepel et al. [65] on the effect of NAC (600 mg twice daily, orally) in preventing CIN, many RCTs and meta-analyses were conducted [129–139]. In a meta-analysis on the effects of NAC and other drugs on preventing CIN, Kelly et al. [133] analyzed the results of 26 RCTs of oral NAC, and concluded that NAC reduced the risk for CIN more than did saline hydration

alone (RR: 0.62). However, in a comment on the meta-analysis performed by Kelly et al., Trivedi [140] pointed out the diverse designs of the included studies, and questioned the validity of the conclusion. Although this meta-analysis concluded that NAC was more renoprotective than was saline hydration alone, the sample sizes of the studies analyzed and the quality of sample calculation methods used in the meta-analysis Fossariinae were questioned. In another meta-analysis of 22 RCTs, Gonzales et al. [138] used a modified L’Abbé plot to divide the data into cluster 1 (18 studies, 2,445 patients) and cluster 2 (4 studies, 301 patients), and reported that cluster 1 studies showed no benefit, while cluster 2 studies indicated that NAC was highly beneficial. However, cluster 2 studies were published earlier, and were of lower quality as measured by Jadad scores (<3, three study characteristics combined) [138, 139]. At the present time, oral NAC treatment has not been demonstrated to be sufficiently effective in the prevention of CIN. In a meta-analysis of 6 studies on the effect of intravenous NAC in the prevention of CIN, no conclusive evidence has shown that intravenous NAC is safe and effective in preventing CIN [139].

No suggestions,

pressure or duress were placed on the investigatory team whatsoever. Authors’ contributions All authors PF-02341066 manufacturer were involved in the study. JDR was principal researcher, involved with liason with the company, participant screening, beverage assignment, data collection, statistical analysis and report generation; MDT was co-researcher involved with cohort organization, data collection and blood analyses, confirmation of statistical analyses, and helped to draft the manuscript; LSK was involved with monitoring of data collection including collation of performance data, and test beverage administration, as well as overview and editing of manuscript; MGR was involved in quality control, part data collection, and technical accuracy in preparation of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Glutamine ingestion during acute dehydration stress is reported to enhance fluid and electrolyte absorption resulting from intestinal disorders [1–3], but it’s effects may not be consistent [4]. This is possibly related to stability issues of glutamine in the gut. However, Selleck MGCD0103 when glutamine

is combined with alanine the ability to enhance electrolyte and fluid absorption appears to be greater than glutamine alone, likely via a combination of greater stability and an enhanced rate of absorption via specific ion transporters within intestinal epithelia [5]. In addition, the greater stability of

the alanine-glutamine dipeptide appears to be quite evident at a low pH Dimethyl sulfoxide [6]. This could have important implications for athletes during competition. Recently, acute ingestion of an alanine-glutamine dipeptide (AG) was reported to enhance fluid uptake and reduce the magnitude of performance decrement during exercise to exhaustion under hypohydrated conditions [7]. Furthermore, the alanine-glutamine dipeptide was shown to be significantly more effective than water alone. This has important implications during athletic performance, where dehydration can play a critical role in the outcome of a contest. For instance, a GSK458 mw significant performance decrement has been shown with hypohydration levels of only 2% in basketball players [8, 9]. This level of hypohydration has been shown to decrease field goal percentage in basketball players by 8%, clearly affecting the potential outcome of a game. Considering that a thirst sensation may not appear until this level of hypohydration has already been reached [10], it becomes critical for athletes to rehydrate even when they do not feel the need to drink. Furthermore, rehydration does appear to be a major issue among basketball players. Nearly half of professional basketball players assessed prior to competitive games were found to be dehydrated prior to the onset of a basketball game, and that fluid intake during the games was not able to compensate for the pregame hypohydration [11].

3.2) [31]. The resulting sequence profiles were searched on 331 genomes, which were obtained from the standardized genome warehouse of Comparative Fungal Genomics Platform (CFGP 2.0; http://​cfgp.​snu.​ac.​kr/​) [32], to find putative U0126 purchase genes encoding peroxidases (Figure 1). As a result, 6,113 peroxidase genes

were predicted from 331 genomes including 216 from fungi and Oomycetes (Table 1, Figure 1, and Additional file 1). As expected, peroxidase genes were found in every taxon, implying its essentiality in fungal physiology and metabolism. However, the average number of peroxidase genes per genome was turned out to be different between Ascomycota (15.66) and Basidiomycota (23.95), and among the three subphyla in Ascomycota. On average, the species in Basidiomycota had more peroxidase Tariquidar genes than the ones in Ascomycota (t-Test; P = 5.0e-3). Within Ascomycota,

the three major subphyla Pezizomycotina, Saccharomycotina, and Taphrinomycotina had the average gene number of 24.29, 10.69, and 4.97, respectively,

with significant differences (t-Test; P ≤ 1.2e-21). However, no significant differences were observed among the species in Basidiomycota. On the other hand, Oomycetes were predicted to have 31.40 peroxidase genes, on average. Interestingly, though the average number of genes in Oomycete genomes was larger than those in fungi (16.36) (t-Test; P = 5.0e-4), the predicted genes were found in fewer gene AZD8931 clinical trial families (8.4 per genome, on average) than those belonging to the subphyla Pezizomycotina (13.60) and Agaricomycotina (12.31), but more than those of Saccharomycotina (6.93) and Taphrinomycotina PTK6 (4.57) (Figure 2 and Additional file 1). Figure 1 The pipeline and contents of fPoxDB. A schematic diagram of fPoxDB pipeline and contents. A computational prediction pipeline is composed of preparation of raw sequences (A), searching 331 target genomes with 25 sequence profiles (B) and 6,113 predicted genes as the end product (C). The median value for each gene family is indicated by a red line (C).

Planta Med 2001, 67:628–633.CrossRefPubMed Salubrinal nmr 20. Kobayashi Y: The nociceptive and anti-nociceptive effects of evodiamine from fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa in mice. Planta Med 2003, 69:425–428.CrossRefPubMed 21. Slezak T, Francis PS, Anastos N, Barnett NW: Veliparib cost Determination of synephrine in weight-loss products using high performance liquid chromatography

with acidic potassium permanganate chemiluminescence detection. Analy Chem Acta 2007, 593:98–102.CrossRef 22. Fugh-Berman A, Myers A: Citrus aurantium, an ingredient of dietary supplements marketed for weight loss: Current status of clinical and basic research. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2004,229(8):698–704. 23. Youdim MB, Weinstock M: Therapeutic applications

of selective and non-selective inhibitors of monoamine oxidase A and B that do not cause significant tyramine potentiation. Neurotoxicology 2004, 25:243–250.CrossRefPubMed 24. Fenstrom JD: Branced-chain amino acids and brain function. J Nutr 2005, 135:1539S-1546S. 25. Ro 61-8048 order Shah SN: Adjuvant role of vitamin B analogue (sulbutiamine) with anti-infective treatment in infection associated asthenia. J Assoc Physicians India 2003, 51:891–895.PubMed 26. Tiev KP, Cabane J, Imbert JC: Treatment of chronic postinfectious fatigue: randomized double-blind study of two doses of sulbutiamine (400–600 mg/day) versus placebo. Rev Med Interne 1999, 20:912–918.CrossRefPubMed 27. Kidd PM: A review of nutrients and botanicals in the integrative management of cognitive dysfunction. Altern Med Rev 1999, 4:144–161.PubMed 28. Dunnett M, Harris RC: Influence of oral beta-alanine and L-histidine supplementation on the carnosine content of the gluteus medius. Equine Vet J Suppl 1999, 30:499–504.PubMed 29. Nakamura M, Ishii A, Nakahara D: Characterization of β-phenylethylamine-induced monamine release in rat nucleus accumbens: a microdialysis study. Eur J Pharmacol 1998, 349:163–169.CrossRefPubMed 30. Rahman MK, Nagatsu T, Sakurai T, Hori S, Abe M, Matsuda M:

Effect of pyridoxal phosphate deficiency on aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase Bay 11-7085 activity with L-DOPA and L-5-hydroxytryptophan as substrates in rats. Jpn J Pharmacol 1982, 32:803–811.CrossRefPubMed 31. Simbrey K, Winterhoff H, Butterweck V: Extracts of St. John’s wort and various constituents affect beta-adrenergic binding in rat frontal cortex. Life Sci 2003, 74:1027–1038.CrossRef Competing interests Vital Pharmaceuticals. (Davie, FL) provided funding for this project. All researchers involved collected, analyzed, and interpreted the results from this study and have no financial interests concerning the outcome of this investigation. Publication of these findings should not be viewed as endorsement by the investigators, The College of New Jersey or the editorial board of the Journal of International Society of Sports Nutrition.

BMPRIA showed no association with five-year survival rate or with survival time of ovarian PARP assay Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor cancer patients. BMP-2, BMPRIB, and BMPRII may play a part in the occurrence and development of ovarian cancer, and the variation or loss of expression of BMP-2, BMPRIB, and BMPRII may be an indicator of poor prognosis for ovarian cancer patients. Further studies conducted with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm this association. Our study suggests that BMP-2 and its receptors BMPRIB and BMPRII are likely to be involved in the development of ovarian cancer, and attenuation or loss of expression may result in or indicate poor prognosis for ovarian cancer patients. However, the

specific pathway and mechanisms driving this effect need further study, if novel treatments for ovarian cancer are to be achieved through better understanding of its pathogenesis. Conclusions BMP-2, BMPRIB, and BMPRII exhibited a low expression in EOC tissue. The variation or loss of expression of these markers may indicate poor prognosis for ovarian cancer patients. Acknowledgements This study was supported by China National

Nature Science Fund (No.30100104) to Dr. Lin Ma. References 1. Ni X, Gu S, Dai J, Cheng H, Guo L, Li L, Ji C, Xie Y, Ying K, Mao Y: Isolation and characterization of a novel human NM23-H1B gene, a different transcript of NM23-H1. J Hum Genet 2003,48(2):96–100.PubMedCrossRef 2. Wozney JM: The bone morphogenetic protein family: multifunctional cellular regulators in the embryo and adult. Eur J Oral Sci 1998,106(Suppl 1):160–166.PubMed 3. Miyazono K, Kusanagi K, Inoue GSI-IX clinical trial H: Divergence

and convergence of TGF-beta/BMP signaling. J Cell Physiol 2001,187(3):265–276.PubMedCrossRef 4. Ghosh-Choudhury N, Ghosh-Choudhury G, Celeste A, Ghosh PM, Moyer M, Abboud SL, Kreisberg J: Bone morphogenetic protein-2 induces cyclin kinase inhibitor p21 and hypophosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein in estradiol-treated MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 2000,1497(2):186–196.PubMedCrossRef 5. Dumont N, Arteaga CL: A kinase-inactive type II TGFbeta receptor impairs BMP signaling in human breast cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003,301(1):108–112.PubMedCrossRef 6. Ghosh-Choudhury N, Woodruff K, Qi W, Celeste A, Abboud SL, Ghosh Choudhury Urease G: Bone morphogenetic protein-2 blocks MDA MB 231 human breast cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting cyclin-dependent kinase-mediated retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000,272(3):705–711.PubMedCrossRef 7. Tada A, Nishihara T, Kato H: Bone morphogenetic protein 2 suppresses the transformed phenotype and restores actin microfilaments of human lung carcinoma A549 cells. Oncol Rep 1998,5(5):1137–1140.PubMed 8. Langenfeld EM, Bojnowski J, Perone J, Langenfeld J: Expression of bone morphogenetic proteins in human lung carcinomas. Ann Thorac Surg 2005,80(3):1028–1032.PubMedCrossRef 9.

This could be rectified by making options more Selleckchem Autophagy Compound Library flexible, as seen in recent revisions allowing EF4 (nectar flower mix) to be integrated into crop rotations (Natural England 2013b), and illustrating the broader ecosystem service benefits of many options (Wratten

et al. 2012). Beyond economic considerations, sociological incentives, such as the government endorsed campaign for the farmed environment (CFE) aim to increase uptake of the most environmentally beneficial options. However the CFE has a broad scope prioritising >60 % (42) of 2010 ELS options (Cloither 2013) and farmer decisions regarding AES are thought to be largely insensitive to the opinions of peers (“social norms”—Sutherland 2009), calling the effectiveness of social incentives into question. Burton et al. (2008) further suggest that AES uptake may be limited by the lack of associated cultural capital, a measure of accomplishment associated with land management that can be compared over years and between land holders. Presently, ELS options this website are simply applied without

specific rewards or prestige for the ecological quality of their application or outcomes; consequently, Crenolanib encouraging an emphasis on overt quality elements (e.g. high floral diversity) or outcomes (e.g. increases in iconic species) could improve the social impetus to uptake these options. Finally, several members of the expert panel emphasised the need for a more detailed monitoring scheme for insect pollinators in the UK in order to assess the overall effectiveness of different

interventions on pollinator numbers. Although the costs of such a scheme, able to detect changes in pollinator abundance and diversity, would be ~£263,000/year (over 5 years) (Lebuhn et al. 2013) the data produced would be highly valuable to optimising ELS effectiveness and providing measures of success for use in cultural capital (Burton et al. 2008) or payments for ecosystem services schemes (Farley and Costanza 2010). Conclusions Using an expert panel to inform a redistribution of ELS options, this study indicates that England’s entry level stewardship has the potential to provide substantial benefits Branched chain aminotransferase to pollinator habitat, however these options are not yet widely adopted. The use of expert panels allowed a more comprehensive assessment of the benefits of options than current literature alone. Private costs incurred in altering the composition of ELS options towards one that reflects the relative benefits of each option to pollinator habitat are estimated as £59.3–£12.4 M. The models used in this study demonstrate the potential for management options in ELS to significantly increase the overall quality of habitat for pollinators without additional public expenditure or private land use, simply by participants switching options.

Thus, it is not possible to keep increasing the separation Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor between

barriers and superlattices without crossing resonances. For this reason, visualized here with specific examples for electrons and electromagnetic waves, the existence of a generalized Hartman effect is a rather questionable issue. For these examples we perform first principle calculations using the actual transmission Selleckchem MLN4924 coefficient of the system (such as that of double BG in the experiment in [10]) so that we can justify completely that the so-called generalized Hartman effect is erroneous. To study the Hartman effect and to criticize the presumption of a generalized Hartman effect in superlattices, Bragg gratings, and multi-barrier systems, we will use the theory of finite periodic system that allows straightforward calculation of the phase time. For electron tunneling, we shall assume periodic and sectionally constant potentials with cells of length ℓ c =a+b and a barrier of width b and strength V o in the middle. For electromagnetic waves, each cell consisting of dielectrics 1 and 2 will contain a dielectric 2 of length b in the middle. In this case ϵ i , n i , and μ i (with i=1,2) are the corresponding permittivities, refractive indices, and permeabilities; the regions outside the SL are assumed to be air. For Bragg gratings, the refractive indices are periodic.

Methods If we have a Gaussian wave packet (of electrons or electromagnetic waves) through a SL of length n ℓ c −a, the centroid phase time (which is taken here as the tunneling or transmission time) is given by [7, learn more 17, 18] (2) Here α=α R +i α I is the (1,1) element of the single-cell transfer matrix M; U n (α R ) are the Chebyshev polynomials of the second kind evaluated at α R ; and α n is the (1,1) element of the n-cell transfer matrix M n . This is given by [16] (3) At resonance, where U n−1=U 2n−1=0, we have [16] (4) The expression for the tunneling or transmission time simplifies

as (5) The tunneling time in Equation 2 is exact and general and valid for arbitrary number of cells, barrier width, and barrier separation. Thus, one can check the existence or not of Depsipeptide clinical trial a (generalized) Hartman effect at will. For concrete examples, we consider superlattices like (GaAs/Al0.3Ga0.7As) n /GaAs, with electron effective mass m A=0.067 m in GaAs layers, m B=0.1 m in Al0.3Ga0.7As layers (m is the bare electron mass) and V o=0.23 eV, and Bragg gratings with periodic refractive index. Results and discussion Electron tunneling If we consider electrons through superlattices with unit cell length ℓ c =a+b, we will have (6) with and . When m A , m B and V o are taken as fixed parameters, we choose a=100 Å and b=30 Å. For a single barrier, n=1, the tunneling time τ 1 plotted in Figure 1 as a function of the reduced barrier width b/λ shows the well-known Hartman effect. The energy E is kept fixed and is the de Broglie wavelength.

The chemisorbed oxygen impurities could be O2−, O−, O2 −, O2 2− and OH− ions as well [29, 30], so the binding energy

not only depends on the charge of oxygen species but also depends upon the crystallographic orientation of the bounded surface to which the oxygen atoms or molecules are bound [29], which points to the nonstoichiometric nature and presence of oxygen vacancies present in the film. Also, our synthesis method is a solution-based method, so these oxygen vacancies can easily be generated during growth process. From previous reports, it was believed that electrochemical migration of oxygen vacancies is the CDK inhibitor dominating factor in the resistive switching behaviour [31, 32]. So we can also expect that the oxygen-deficient nature of the film which contains oxygen vacancies initially will enhance the resistance switching nature of prepared 2% Ti@-ZnO film. Figure 5 XPS (a), Ti 2p and (b) O 1 s spectra of 2% Ti-doped ZnO film. In our recent study [33], the resistive switching characteristics

of pure ZnO were improved (on/off, approximately 7) with Co doping in ZnO. In the present report, with the addition of Ti in ZnO, the resistive switching characteristics were further improved with on/off ratio (>14) and data retention time of 2,000 seconds was achieved. selleck kinase inhibitor Conclusions Ti-doped ZnO thin films were prepared by a facile electrochemical deposition method. The SEM, XPS and EDS mapping indicates that Ti is homogenously doped in ZnO films. The Ti-doped ZnO film had a similar structure to that of the pure ZnO film and had a preferential orientation in the (002) direction. The prepared film exhibits excellent resistance switching behaviour Epacadostat mw with a HRS/LRS ratio of about 14 during endurance test, much better than pure ZnO. In addition, the dominant conduction mechanism of LRS and HRS were explained by trap-controlled space-charge-limited conduction. The present

work demonstrates that Ti doping can further enhance Chloroambucil switching characteristics of pure ZnO films and thus have the potential for next-generation non-volatile memory applications. Acknowledgments The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support from the Australian Research Council Projects of DP110102391, DP1096769, FT100100956 and DP0988687 in this work. Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1: Figures S1 to S3: Figure S1: EDS elemental spectrum of 2% Ti-doped ZnO (inset table represents atomic percentages). Figure S2: I-V curve of Au/ZnO/ITO (a) linear scale (b) semi logarithmic scale. Figure S3: Endurance performance of the pure ZnO. (DOCX 294 KB) References 1. Liu SQ, Wu NJ, Ignatiev A: Electric-pulse-induced reversible resistance change effect in magnetoresistive films. Appl Phys Lett 2000,76(19):2749–2751.CrossRef 2. Yang JJ, Pickett MD, Li X, Ohlberg DA, Stewart DR, Stanley Williams R: Memristive switching mechanism for metal/oxide/metal nanodevices. Nat Nano 2008,3(7):429–433.CrossRef 3.