By contrast, current knowledge on symbionts of nematodes is still mainly restricted to Wolbachia and its interaction with filarial worms that lead to increased pathogenicity of the infected nematode. In this review article, we aim to highlight the main characteristics of symbionts in term of their ecology, host cell interactions, check details parasitism and co-evolution, in order to stimulate future research in a field that remains largely

unexplored despite the availability of modern tools.”
“Purpose: To compare a three-dimensional (3D) T2-weighted turbo spin-echo (TSE) magnetic resonance (MR) sequence (VISTA; Philips Medical Systems, Best, the Netherlands) with a two-dimensional (2D) T2-weighted TSE sequence in terms of image quality, signal intensity (SI) difference ratios, conspicuity, and staging of uterine tumors.

Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was approved by the institutional review board, and informed consent was waived. Sixty-one women (mean age, 53.0 years +/- 13.7 [standard deviation]; range, 30-87 years) with cervical carcinoma (n = 28), endometrial carcinoma (n = 21), or leiomyoma (n = 30) of the uterus were included. Patients underwent T2-weighted MR imaging

at 3 T with both 1-mm-thick 3D and 5-mm-thick selleck kinase inhibitor 2D T2-weighted TSE sequences. Three-dimensional T2-weighted TSE images were reconstructed at 5-mm thickness with the aid of a workstation. Quantitative analyses of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and SI difference ratios between tumors and other tissues and qualitative analyses of image quality and tissue conspicuity were performed. Two radiologists independently assessed local-regional staging for carcinomas. Quantitative values, qualitative scores, and tumor staging were analyzed by using the paired t test, Wilcoxon signed rank test, and McNemar test, respectively.

Results: Mean myometrial SNR was higher on 3D than 2D images (14.3 vs 9.8; P < .0001). Mean SI difference ratios between

click here cervical (0.45 vs 0.34; P < .0001) or endometrial (0.46 vs 0.40; P = .044) carcinomas and gluteal muscle were higher on 3D images, but those between leiomyoma and myometrium (0.33 vs 0.43; P < .0001) were lower than those on 2D images. Image quality (P = .0004) and carcinoma conspicuity (P < .0005) were superior with the 3D T2-weighted TSE sequence. Although multiplanar reconstruction of 3D T2-weighted TSE images was useful for staging in one case, there were no significant differences between 3D and 2D T2-weighted TSE imaging in accuracy of staging for the two readers for cervical or endometrial carcinoma.

Conclusion: The 3D T2-weighted TSE sequence showed certain advantages over the 2D T2-weighted TSE sequence, and it has the potential to improve the performance of MR imaging for the evaluation of uterine carcinoma. (C) RSNA, 2010″
“Background: Increased pulmonary blood flow in patients with left-to-right shunt has been shown to be associated with alterations in prostacyclin-synthesis.

OMERACT-OARSI set of responder criteria was based on a combination of absolute and relative change of pain, function and global patient’s assessment. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used as a complementary approach.

Results: The values for PASS were about 80 and 69 for pain and function in THR, while these values were 80 and 68 when using OMERACT-OARSI criteria. Regarding TKR, PASS values were about 75 and 67 in pain and function selleck chemicals with both criteria. ROC values were

slightly lower in all cases. PASS and OMERACT-OARSI values varied moderately across tertiles of baseline severity.

Conclusion: With the provided data we can establish when a patient can be considered as satisfied/responder in joint replacement. The scores achieved at 1 year were very similar according to both criteria. (C) 2011 Osteoarthritis Research Society International. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The molecular circuitries controlling the process of skin wound healing have gained new significant insights in recent years. This knowledge is built on landmark studies on skin embryogenesis, maturation, and differentiation. Furthermore, the identification, characterization, and elucidation of the biological roles of adult skin epithelial stem cells and their

influence in tissue homeostasis selleck products have provided the foundation for the overall understanding of the process of skin wound healing and tissue repair. Among numerous signaling pathways associated with epithelial functions, the PI3K/Akt/mTOR AZD1208 in vitro signaling route has gained substantial attention with the generation of animal models capable of dissecting individual components of the pathway, thereby providing a novel insight into the molecular framework underlying skin homeostasis and tissue regeneration. In this review, we focus on recent findings regarding the mechanisms involved in wound healing associated with the upregulation of the activity

of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR circuitry. This review highlights critical findings on the molecular mechanisms controlling the activation of mTOR, a downstream component of the PI3K-PTEN pathway, which is directly involved in epithelial migration and proliferation. We discuss how this emerging information can be exploited for the development of novel pharmacological intervention strategies to accelerate the healing of critical size wounds.”
“The first worldwide interlaboratory assesment on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) under the Stockholm Convention was organized in the Asian/Pacific, Latin American and African regions during 2009-11.

A relatively large number of laboratories reported data for the PCDDs/PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs, especially in the Asian region. Within the Asian region, several participants used high-resolution GC/high-resolution MS systems optimized for dioxin analysis.

Cell death was only observed in the mesangial cells. These results clearly demonstrate that activation of CDC is regulated by several factors, such as distribution of the target molecule, antibody distribution and the balance among the molecules of the CDC cascade and mCRPs. (DOT: 10.1293/tox.26.41; J Toxicol Pathol 2013; 26: 41-49)”
“Two novel compounds, JBIR-07 (1) and -08 (2), were isolated from a large-scale culture of Streptomyces versipellis 4083-SVS6. These compounds were determined to be novel decanedienamide derivatives, (6E, 8Z)-3-hydroxy-8-(hydroxymethyl)-2,6-dimethyldeca-6,8-dienamide https://www.selleckchem.com/products/nepicastat-hydrochloride.html (1) and (6Z, 8E)-3-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2,8-dimethyldeca-6,8-dienamide

(2), based on spectroscopic data.”
“Nine new fatty acid derivatives, including seven methoxylated (1, 2, and 4-8) and two hydroxylated (3 and 9) fatty acids, have been isolated from the ethanol extract of the stem bark of Fraxinus sieboldiana. Their structures GDC-0068 price were determined by spectroscopic methods including IR, MS, 1D, and 2D NMR experiments. The 3- or 9-methoxylated fatty acids are

reported for the first time in nature.”
“We aimed to assess the effect of aliskiren treatment on blood pressure, albuminuria, and kidney function in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We conducted a prospective, open-label study of 67 patients with CKD who were already being treated with other antihypertensives. Inclusion criteria were blood pressure (BP) a parts per thousand yen130/80 mmHg, albuminuria a parts per thousand yen30 mg/g, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) > 30 ml/min/1.73 m(2). Subjects were treated with 150 mg/day aliskiren, which was increased to 300 mg/day for the 24-week study period. Aliskiren effectively reduced both systolic and diastolic BP, plasma renin activity (PRA), serum aldosterone concentration,

albuminuria, urinary N-acetyl-glucosaminidase, and urinary beta 2-microglobulin levels. Although eGFR was significantly decreased after 4 weeks of aliskiren treatment, it recovered to a pretreatment level within 12 weeks of treatment initiation. There were no significant differences in the percent reduction of albuminuria or changes of eGFR levels this website when the subjects were divided into three groups on the basis of baseline eGFR (stages 1/2, 3, and 4) and the presence or absence of diabetes mellitus (DM group and non-DM group). Furthermore, in patients not treated with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS) inhibitors, including angiotensin receptor blockers or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors at baseline, changes in eGFR were significantly increased compared with those already treated with RAAS inhibitors at baseline. Aliskiren administration reduced BP, PRA, serum aldosterone levels, and albuminuria, while maintaining eGFR, regardless of the presence or absence of DM or the degree of eGFR.”
“Objective: Many asthma patients suffer from chronic conditions other than asthma.

George respiratory questionnaire (SGRQ), lung function tests (LFTs), and a graded exercise test (GET). We used Cronbach’s alpha to evaluate the internal consistency of the CRQ, intraclass coefficient for test-retest reliability, and Spearman’s correlation for validity.

Thirty-six men and 4 women (mean age 67.9 +/- A 9.9 years) were recruited. BIX 01294 datasheet Evidence of good internal consistency, test-retest

reliability, convergent, discriminant, concurrent, and construct validity of the CRQ was shown. Spearman’s correlation showed moderate-to-strong correlation between the CRQ scores and scores of the SGRQ, subscales of the SF-36, and the results of LFTs and GET.

The Taiwan version of the CRQ shows good validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability.”
“Background. A recent study has reported that high circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH) D] is associated with low circulating

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, but only in younger individuals. The goal of the present study was to explore the relationship between vitamin D status and circulating TSH levels with thyroid autoimmunity selleck kinase inhibitor and thyroid hormone levels taken into consideration in a population-based health survey of middle-aged and elderly individuals. Methods. A total of 1,424 Chinese adults, aged 41-78 years, were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Serum levels of 25(OH) D, TSH, thyroid hormones, and thyroid autoantibodies were measured. Results. The prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency was 94.29% in males and 97.22% in females, and the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 55.61% in males and 69.64% in females. Vitamin D status was not associated with positive thyroid autoantibodies after controlling for age, gender, body mass index, and smoking status. Higher 25(OH) D levels were associated with lower TSH levels after controlling for age, FT4 and FT3 levels, thyroid volume, the presence of thyroid nodule(s), and smoking status in males. Conclusion. click here High vitamin D status in middle-aged and elderly males was associated with low circulating TSH levels

independent of thyroid hormone levels.”
“The temperature distributions in current-carrying carbon nanotubes have been measured with a scanning thermal microscope. The obtained temperature profiles reveal diffusive and dissipative electron transport in multiwalled nanotubes and in single-walled nanotubes when the voltage bias was higher than the 0.1-0.2 eV optical phonon energy. Over 90% of the Joule heat in a multiwalled nanotube was found to be conducted along the nanotube to the two metal contacts. In comparison, about 80% of the Joule heat was transferred directly across the nanotube-substrate interface for single-walled nanotubes. The average temperature rise in the nanotubes is determined to be in the range of 5-42 K per microwatt Joule heat dissipation in the nanotubes.

Results: Overall, the change in lipids was relatively small [<= 5% except for Lp(a), which was 20-25%], click here and there was no

significant difference in the mean change of any lipid variable between the active and placebo groups.

Conclusions: Our results indicate that CaD supplementation is not associated with lipid changes over 5 y. Existing and future CaD trials should consider evaluating this association for different doses of supplements. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00000611. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 91: 894-9.”
“Background and Aim: The aim of the present work was to evaluate the relationship between energy-generating nutrients and the presence of central and overall obesity after correcting for socio-demographic, lifestyle and clinical characteristics, among healthy elders. Methods and Results: During 2005e2007, 553 elderly men and 637 elderly women (mean age 74 +/- 7 years) from eight Mediterranean islands in Greece and Cyprus, were enrolled. The retrieved information included demographic, bio-clinical and dietary characteristics. MedDiet-Score assessed adherence

to the Mediterranean dietary pattern.

The prevalence of obesity was 27% in males and 39% in females (p < 0.001), while 73% of males and 87% of females had central obesity. The prevalence of diabetes, hypercholesterolemia and hypertension was higher in the obese than in the non-obese participants (p < 0.01). After adjusting for various confounders, a 1% increase in carbohydrate consumption was associated with EPZ-6438 molecular weight a 12% (95% CI 0.78-0.99) lower likelihood of having central obesity, while a 1% increase in carbohydrate and protein consumption was associated with a 14% (95% CI 0.78-0.95) and 16% (95% CI 0.72-0.97) lower likelihood of being obese, respectively. Vegetable protein see more was found to be associated with a 15% (95% CI 0.77-0.93) lower likelihood of being obese while, only low glycemic index carbohydrates seem to be associated with a 6% (95% CI 0.90-0.98) lower likelihood of having central obesity.

Conclusions: The presented findings suggest that

a diet high in carbohydrates and vegetable protein is associated with a lower likelihood of being obese and may help elderly people to preserve normal weight. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“With Fe compensation, the heavy rare earth element Gd-filled Gd(y)Fe(x)Co(4-x)Sb(12) (x < 2) skutterudites have been successfully synthesized by melting-annealing approach. Fe substitution on the Co site brings two contrary effects on Gd filling: charge compensation which enhances the filling fraction of Gd, and Lattice expansion which is deleterious for the stability of filled compounds that contain smaller atoms. When Fe content is less than 1.7, pure Gd(y)Fe(x)Co(4-x)Sb(12) compounds are obtained and the Gd maximum filling fraction (y(max)) increases with Fe content. The power factor (S(2)sigma) of the Gd(y)Fe(x)Co(4-x)Sb(12) increases with Fe content.

Old age, preprocedural chronic kidney disease, obesity, some comorbidities, wide pulse pressure and some pharmacological regimens represent risk factors for postsurgery AKI and mortality. Important intraoperative factor are use and duration of cardiopulmonary bypass. Postoperative efforts should be aimed toward maximizing cardiac output, avoiding drugs CP-456773 nmr vasoconstricting the renal artery, providing adequate crystalloid infusion and alkalinizing urine. Fluid management should not be based on the measurements for cardiac filling pressures, which are mostly unreliable in these patients. Novel biomarkers such as cystatin C, kidney injury molecule-1 and human neutrophil gelatinase-associated

lipocalin have been found to change earlier than creatinine, particularly when measured in combination,

so their use in clinical practice can facilitate early diagnosis and treatment of AKI. The occurrence of oliguria despite adequate cardiovascular therapy PRIMA-1MET supplier can be managed with furosemide, possibly using continuous infusion, or renal replacement therapy.”
“The aim of this study was to examine the effects of high-frequency (HF) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the left primary motor cortex (M1) on subjective pain and evoked responses induced by laser stimulation (LEPs) of the contralateral hand and supraorbital zone in a cohort of migraine patients without aura during the inter-critical phase,

and to compare the effects with those of non-migraine healthy controls. Thirteen migraine patients and 12 sex- and age-matched controls were evaluated. Each rTMS session consisted of 1,800 stimuli at a frequency of 5 Hz and 90% motor threshold intensity. Sham (control) rTMS was performed at the same stimulation position. The vertex LEP amplitude was reduced at the trigeminal and hand levels in the sham-placebo condition and after rTMS to a greater extent in the migraine patients than in healthy controls, while the laser pain rating was click here unaffected. These results suggest that HF rTMS of motor cortex and the sham procedure can both modulate pain-related evoked responses in migraine patients.”
“In the present study, systematic investigations on 100 keV C ion implanted Si (100) substrates annealed subsequently at a temperature of 1000 degrees C for 2 h or athermally processed using 110 MeV Ni(8+) ion irradiation have been performed. A detailed analysis using the techniques of x-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) at high resolutions is performed. The observations suggest the formation of cubic silicon carbide (beta-SiC) crystallites surrounded by an amorphous background in the samples thermally annealed at 1000 degrees C. However, ion irradiation did not influence the as-implanted layers to any significant extent.

In 2 of these cases, were needed at least 2 sessions of intralesional photocoagulation to reach a satisfactory learn more cosmetic result. No complications of any kind occurred. After a follow-up

period of at least 6 months only a case of recurrence was described.

Discussion and Conclusions: The advantages associated to the use of non-invasive techniques in the treatment of OVM, along with the success rate and low number of relapses, shows the use of the diode laser as a therapy to be considered in the treatment of these lesions. A higher case mix would be essential for definitive conclusions.”
“We investigated the subcellular distribution of NEP protein and activity in brains of human individuals with no cognitive impairment (NCI), mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD dementia, as well as double transgenic mice and human neuronal cell line treated with A beta and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE). Total cortical neuronal-related NEP was significantly increased in MCI compared to NCI brains. NeuN was decreased in both MCI and AD, PD173074 consistent with neuronal loss occurring in MCI and AD. Negative relationship between NEP protein and NeuN in MCI brains, and positive correlation between

NEP and pan-cadherin in NCI and MCI brains, suggesting the increased NEP expression in NCI and MCI might be due to membrane associated NEP in non-neuronal cells. In subcellular extracts,

NEP protein decreased in cytoplasmic fractions in MCI and AD, but increased in membrane fractions, with a significant increase in the membrane/cytoplasmic ratio of NEP protein in AD brains. By contrast, NEP activity was decreased in AD. Similar results were observed in AD-mimic transgenic mice. Studies of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma showed an up-regulation of NEP protein in the cytoplasmic compartment Kinase Inhibitor Library price induced by HNE and A beta; however, NEP activity decreased in cytoplasmic fractions. Activity of NEP in membrane fractions increased at 48 hours and then significantly decreased after treatment with HNE and A beta. The cytoplasmic/membrane ratio of NEP protein increased at 24 hours and then decreased in both HNE and A beta treated cells. Both HNE and A beta up-regulate NEP expression, but NEP enzyme activity did not show the same increase, possibly indicating immature cytoplasmic NEP is less active than membrane associated NEP. These observations indicate that modulation of NEP protein levels and its subcellular location influence the net proteolytic activity and this complex association might participate in deficiency of A beta degradation that is associated with amyloid deposition in AD.”
“Heterotopic bone formation in the skin, osteoma cutis, occurs in a variety of clinical settings.

In a ‘lateral release’ task, single nouns were presented frontally, and masking noises were presented frontally, or 900 left or right. In a ‘localization’ tack, allowing head movements, nouns were presented from loudspeakers separated by 30, 60 or 120 about the midline.

Results: Normally hearing children improved with age in speech detection in noise, but not in quiet or in lateral release. LEE011 Implant users performed more poorly on all

tasks. or frontal signals and noise, UCI and BCI listeners did not differ. For lateral noise, BCI listeners performed better on both sides (within 2 dB of NH), whereas UCI listeners benefited only when the noise was opposite the unimplanted ear. Both the BCI and, surprisingly, the UCI listeners performed better than chance at all loudspeaker separations on the ecologically valid, localization task. However, the BCI listeners performed about twice as well and, in two cases, approached the performance of NH children.

Conclusion: JNK-IN-8 cell line Children using either UCI or BCI have useful spatial hearing. BCI listeners

gain benefits on both sides, and localize better, but not as well as NH listeners. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The aim of the present study was to examine neurocognitive function associated with chronic nicotine use. A total of 2163 healthy participants (1002 smokers, 1161 never-smoking controls) participated in a population-based case-control design. The main outcome measures were six cognitive domain factors derived

from a neuropsychological test battery. In smokers, the battery was administered after controlled smoking of one cigarette. Analyses included age, sex and education as covariates. Results demonstrated SN-38 mouse small, but significant deficits in smokers for visual attention (P<0.001) and cognitive impulsivity (P<0.006), while verbal episodic memory, verbal fluency, verbal working memory, and Stroop-interference did not differ between groups. These attention/impulsivity deficits were also present in smokers with only a low amount of cigarette consumption. Lifetime nicotine use (pack-years) was not correlated with cognition in smokers. In conclusion, this study confirmed subtle and specific cognitive deficits in non-deprived smokers. The independence of these deficits from consumption intensity may argue for an a priori deficit of some cognitive abilities in smokers. These specific deficits may constitute intermediate phenotypes for genetic research on nicotine use.”
“Dimethyl 1-aryl(benzyl)-4,5-dioxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole-2,3-dicarboxylates reacted with phenylhydrazine and benzylhydrazine to give dimethyl 1-aryl(benzyl)-5-[(aryl or benzyl) carbamoyl]-1H-pyrazole-3,4-dicarboxylates.”
“Injuries penetrating into the floor of the mouth in the oral cavity caused by chopsticks are rare. We report a case of neck impalement injury caused by a wooden chopstick fragment penetrating all the way through the base of the tongue.

The model is based on finite element method and uses triangular discrete elements for the structure Selleck BTK inhibitor description. The advantages of the model in comparison to other existing models are highlighted. After validation and verification of the developed

simulator, simulations of a microcrystalline silicon solar cell with a sinusoidal grating texture applied to the interfaces are carried out. The analysis and optimization of the two grating parameters-period and height of the grooves-are performed with respect to the maximal short-circuit current density of the cell. Up to 45% increase in the current density is identified for the optimized structure, compared to that of the cell with flat interfaces. Optical losses in the periodically textured silver back reflector are determined.”
“Background: Ankle arthritis can cause substantial pain and functional limitation. Previous studies have indicated that five weekly intra-articular injections of hyaluronate were safe and effective in the treatment of ankle osteoarthritis. LY3023414 The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect and safety of three weekly

injections of hyaluronate in patients with unilateral ankle arthritis.

Methods: Fifty patients who had had unilateral ankle pain for at least six months and were classified radiographically as having Kellgren-Lawrence grade-2 or 3 ankle arthritis were recruited for a prospective study. Patients received three weekly intra-articular injections of hyaluronate. The primary outcome was the change in the Ankle Osteoarthritis Scale score at six months after the third injection. Secondary outcomes included the American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) Ankle-Hindfoot Score, four clinical tests of balance, consumption of rescue analgesics, and global patient satisfaction.

Results: Forty-six participants completed the study.

A significant reduction in the mean Ankle Osteoarthritis Scale score was noted at one, three, and six months after the third injection (p < 0.05 17-AAG price for each follow-up visit compared with baseline). The mean AOFAS Ankle-Hindfoot Score improved from 60.5 points at baseline to 73.5, 75.5, and 76.7 points at one, three, and six months of follow-up, respectively (p < 0.05). The patients demonstrated significant improvement on all four balance tests at each follow-up visit (p < 0.05 for each test compared with baseline). Acetaminophen consumption dropped significantly following treatment (p < 0.05). The patients’ satisfaction rate was high, and no serious adverse events were reported.

Conclusions: This study suggests that three weekly injections of hyaluronate are well-tolerated and can provide pain relief and improve function and balance in patients with unilateral ankle arthritis. Larger controlled trials with longer follow-up are necessary to verify the effects of hyaluronate in the treatment of ankle arthritis.

“
“Jatropha press cake, by-product after oil expression from Jatropha seeds, contains 24-28% protein on dry basis. Objectives of this research were to investigate functional properties, such as solubility, emulsifying, foaming, film forming, and

adhesive properties, of Jatropha press cake proteins and compared those with relevant industrial proteins. From our study, we found that protein extracted from press cake proteins had a solubility of about 90% above pH 9. Emulsifying properties of press cake protein were comparable to sodium caseinates and reached the highest value PF-03084014 solubility dmso at pH 9-10. Jatropha proteins formed films with tensile strength of 0.4-1.8 MPa with 10-75% elongation, which were below soy protein or wheat-gluten.

Further oil removal from press cake decreased emulsifying properties, while increased foaming and adhesive properties of the extracted proteins. Protein extracted from de-oiled press cake showed better foaming properties than selleckchem sodium caseinate at pH 10, but lower than egg white protein at all pH. Furthermore, press cake protein showed better adhesive properties than casein adhesives at the same dry matter content. Based on these results, Jatropha press cake protein showed most promising results on adhesive and emulsifying properties, which indicate the potential of Jatropha press cake protein as emulsifier or paper adhesive. (c) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“It is generally recognized that roads can adversely affect local animal populations but little is known how roads Effect bats. In particular, no study compared the response of bats that differ in foraging ecology to motorways that cut through the breeding habitat. As bats are key species in conservation, such data are urgently needed for

designing management plans. Using radio-telemetry, mist netting, and mark-recapture data we investigated the effects of a motorway with heavy traffic on the habitat use of two threatened forest-living bats. We compared barbastelle ATM/ATR targets bats (Barbastella barbastellus), which forage in open space, to Bechstein’s bats (Myods bechsteinii), which glean prey from the vegetation. Five of six radiotracked barbastelle bats crossed the motorway during foraging and roost switching, flying through underpasses and directly over the motorway. In contrast, only three of 34 radiotracked Bechstein’s bats crossed the motorway during foraging, all three using an underpass. Bechstein’s bats, unlike barbastelle bats, never crossed the motorway during roost switching. Moreover, only in Bechstein’s bats individuals foraging close to the motorway had smaller foraging areas than individuals foraging further away, whereas other forest edges had no such effect.