Thus, investigating this issue may help us better understand the physics involved and achieve a higher MR ratio at higher temperature for practical applications. In this work, we studied a large number of Co/ZnO films deposited at different sputtering pressures with different ZnO Fedratinib thicknesses and found that the MR effect is strongly dependent on the resistivity of films. We further investigated the charge transport in these films and found that conduction can be separated into three regimes, namely metallic, tunneling, and hopping regimes, with different temperature dependence.

We found that among the three regimes, only the tunneling part is strongly spin dependent. This leads to a broad maximum check details of MR in the tunneling regime. This finding is useful in the tuning of MR values and in understanding its mechanism. Methods Co/ZnO films www.selleckchem.com/products/FK-506-(Tacrolimus).html were deposited by sequentially sputtering ultrathin Co layers and ZnO layers on glass substrates at RT. Direct-current and radio-frequency powers were applied to Co and ZnO targets, respectively. The sputtering chamber pressure

was reduced to 8 × 10−5 Pa before deposition. The sputtering gas was an Ar atmosphere with a range of 0.4 to 0.8 Pa. The film nominal structure is [Co (0.6)/ZnO (x)]60 (denoted as Co/ZnO; thicknesses in nanometers), where x = 0.3 to 2.5 nm is the thickness of the ZnO layer. The details of the growth have been described in a previous publication [11]. The thickness of the films was measured by a surface profiler. The structures of the films were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The magnetic properties of the films were measured using a superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer with a magnetic field applied parallel to Clomifene the film plane. The magnetic field dependence of MR was measured using a conventional four-probe method in the maximum applied magnetic field of 20 kOe with current in the plane at RT. The temperature dependence of resistance was measured by four-point geometry from 5 to 300 K. Results and discussion The key result of our work is presented in Figure 1, which clearly shows that the RT MR is strongly correlated with resistivity

and therefore the transport behavior of Co/ZnO films. We found that the reproducibility of the films was very good and that there is no clear correlation between the ZnO thickness, the chamber sputtering pressure, and the values of MR. However, a clear pattern emerges when MR is plotted against the resistivity of the films. From Figure 1, the MR values are evidently larger than 8.1% in the intermediate regime (tunneling regime) with 0.08 Ω · cm < ρ < 0.5 Ω · cm, but they decrease markedly in the left and right regimes (metallic and hopping regimes). In the metallic regime, the MR effect becomes weaker with decreasing resistivity and finally trends toward zero as the resistivity decreases to approximately 0.004 Ω · cm. The MR also decreases with increasing resistivity in the hopping regime and retains at 3.

This clade contains the halophilic extremophiles, none

of which were represented as genome sequences on GenBank. Aliivibrio logei, formerly Vibrio logei and Photobacterium logei, is the predominant light-organ symbiont BIBF 1120 manufacturer of squids in the genus Sepiola[14]. This species was chosen for genome sequencing as a next step in the attempt to complete sequencing of all bioluminescent species of Vibrio and Photobacterium. Results and discussion 19–taxon dataset Results Table 1 contains the taxon details (strain names and numbers) and the GenBank accession numbers for the 19 taxa included in this dataset. Those taxa for which only one strain is included will be referred to by only their species name. Those taxa for which more than one strain is included will be referred to by species selleck chemical + strain name, abbreviated in most cases for the sake of brevity. The full names are listed in Table 1. For the large chromosome, 306 locally collinear segments of DNA (locally collinear blocks; LCBs) were found common to all taxa. For the small

chromosome, 37 LCBs were found common to all taxa. The lengths of the alignments were, for the large chromosome, 3,644,395 bp and for the small chromosome, 426,592 bp. The lengths of individual LCB alignments for each chromosome are given in Additional file 1: Table S1 and Additional file 2: Table S2. It is striking that the small chromosome yielded so few LCBs. Even though it is the smaller chromosome, as a percentage, much less of this genome was able to be homologized. For example, for V. cholerae 0395, 140,579 bp out of 1,108,250 bp (12.7%) of the small chromosome was homologized. In contrast, 1,904,555 bp out of 3,024,069 (63%)

of the large chromosome of V. cholerae was homologized. These measurements were made when gaps were removed from the alignments. Nintedanib In comparison to [10], 1,525,080 bp out of 4,969,803 bp (30.7%) of Shewanella oneidensis was able to be homologized using Mauve. Figure 1 shows the large chromosome LCBs plotted in circular form showing their arrangement in CGView. Each circle represents a genome in the selleck chemicals llc analysis, and each colored block, an LCB. LCBs of the same color are putatively homologous. The orientation of taxa is based on the phylogenetic relationships presented below. Figure 2 shows the circular orientation of LCBs for the small chromosome. The individual genome circles have been rotated to maximize the visual similarity or orientation. Table 1 Vibrionaceae taxon table: 19-taxon dataset Taxon name Taxon # Genbank accession numbers Large chromosome Small chromosome Aliivibrio fischeri ES114 14 NC_006840.2, NC_006841.2 2,897,536 1,330,333 Aliivibrio fischeri MJ11 15 NC_011184.1, NC_011186.1 2,905,029 1,418,848 Photobacterium profundum SS9 17 NC_006370.1, NC_006371.1 4,085,304 2,237,943 Aliivibrio salmonicida LFI1238 16 NC_011312.1, NC_011313.

viii) With the vacuum still on, the Swinnex inlet was carefully unscrewed, leaving the gasket and the two selleck compound filters on the outlet. ix) The vacuum was cut and

the three pieces (sandwiched filters and gasket) were removed as one and placed on Whatman (grade 4, qualitative) paper to dry for one min. x). Using forceps and a needle, the gasket was removed and the filters separated. xi) The Anodisc was mounted on a glass slide with anti-fade solution (50% glycerol, 50% PBS, 0.1% p-phenylenediamine). Filtration time was < 5 min per mL. Parallel samples were also prepared with a post-stain rinse, where 500 μL of 0.02-μm filtered media or seawater was added to the funnel and pulled through with the vacuum. Enumeration was performed on a Leica DMRXA using filter cube L5 (excitation filter BP 480/40, suppression filter BP 527/30). For each slide, 20 fields and at least 200 particles were counted. To calculate Cell Cycle inhibitor the concentration of virus particles ml-1, the average number of particles per field was multiplied by the dilution factor and microscope conversion factor and then divided by the volume of sample filtered (in ml). The microscope conversion factor was calculated Selleck OICR-9429 as the filterable area of the membrane divided by the area of each individual field. Variance in the filterable area using the meniscus loading method for the 25 mm Anodisc filters and the Swinnex filter holders for the Urease 13

mm filters was 18.38 (± 0.115) and 9.61 (± 0.131), respectively. Comparison of VLP counts using Anodisc membranes and evaluation of staining methods VLP concentrations were determined from three sample types with both Anodisc membranes: a viral lysate of a marine cyanobacterium, open ocean surface seawater and coastal surface seawater. Three replicate slides were prepared for each sample type and

method. Previous studies have recommended a rinse step following staining of Anodisc 25 mm membranes when processing natural samples with high organic matter content (e.g. sediments, humic waters) to reduce background fluorescence [15]. Thus, we conducted a comparison of rinsing and no rinsing for both Anodisc membrane sizes across the three sample types. We also compared staining approaches (back- vs pre-) for the Anodisc 25 mm membranes. The cyanophage viral lysates gave indistinguishable VLP counts (ANOVA, P > 0.05) regardless of membrane diameter, staining and rinsing procedure. The two environmental samples showed variation among the methods tested that were due to the rinse step. Viral abundances determined using the two Anodisc membranes were significantly different (ANOVA, P < 0.05) when the post-rinse step was omitted. However, differences were not significant between the two membrane types when the post-rinse step was applied (ANOVA, P > 0.05) (Table 2). Replicate seawater samples had a higher coefficient of variation (5-30%) than phage lysates (5-10%).

Thus, Saccharicola was assigned to Massarinaceae, which includes Keissleriella, Massarina and Saccharicola (Eriksson and Hawksworth 2003). Concluding remarks Based on the parasitic habitat on monocots and its small ascomata and Stagonospora (or Cercospora? for S. taiwanensis, see Eriksson and Hawksworth 2003; Shoemaker and Babcock 1989b) anamorph, Saccharicola seems more similar to Pleosporineae. Further molecular study is needed for confirmation. Salsuginea K.D. Hyde, Bot. Mar. 34: 315 (1991). (Pleosporales, genera incertae sedis) Generic description Habitat marine, saprobic. Ascomata large, solitary, fusoid,

conical or subglobose, with or without a flattened base, immersed under a darkened clypeus, Eltanexor papillate,

AZD1080 ostiolate. Peridium thin, composed of round cells (in cross section) at sides, fusing at the top with the clypeus, thin at the base. Hamathecium of dense, long trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, anastomosing, embedded in mucilage. Asci 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, clavate to cylindro-clavate, pedunculate, with a large ocular chamber and conspicuous apical ring. Ascospores uniseriate, obovoid, brown to black, with hyaline apical germ pores, 1-septate, constricted at the septum, dark brown with paler apical cells, lacking sheath, 3-MA price smooth. Anamorphs reported for genus: none. Literature: Hyde 1991a; Suetrong et al. 2009. Type species Salsuginea ramicola K.D. Hyde, Bot. Mar. 34: 316 (1991). (Fig. 85) Fig. 85 Salsuginea ramicola (from BRIP 17102, holotype). a Habitat section of an ascoma. b Section of the partial peridium. c Clavate mature and immature asci. d Ascospores within ascus. e Apical part of immature

asci. f Ascospores with an apical chamber at each end. Scale bars: a = 0.5 mm, b–e = 50 μm, f = 10 μm Ascomata 1040–2600 μm high × 455–1430 μm diam., solitary, fusoid, conical or subglobose, with or without a flattened base, Adenosine triphosphate immersed under a darkened clypeus, papillate, ostiolate, ostiole rounded (Fig. 85a). Peridium up to 39 μm thick, composed of round cells (in cross section) at sides, fusing at the top with the clypeus, thin at the base (Fig. 85b). Hamathecium of dense, long trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, 1–2 μm broad, anastomosing, embedded in mucilage. Asci 440–512 × 29–34 μm, 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, clavate to cylindro-clavate, pedunculate, with a large ocular chamber and conspicuous apical ring (Fig. 85c and e). Ascospores 59–72 × 24–30 μm, uniseriate, obovoid, brown to black, with hyaline apical germ pores, 1-septate, constricted at the septum, dark brown with paler apical cells, lacking sheath, smooth (Fig. 85d and f). Anamorph: none reported. Material examined: THAILAND, Ranong mangrove, Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) Blanco., Oct. 1988, leg. & det. K.D. Hyde (BRIP 17102, holotype).

On the other hand, we may also change the material properties of the cylinder https://www.selleckchem.com/products/tideglusib.html corner part. The nETR spectra for different materials of the cylinder corner part are displayed in Figure 4d. Here the radius is set to corresponding to the gap widths of g = 10 nm. The cases of material refraction index n = 1.5 and n = 3.4 are displayed together with the case of silver cylinder. We can see that when the material of the cylinder corner is changed, the resonance wavelength and Oligomycin A price the maximum enhancement in the nETR spectra both vary slightly. The above results imply that the role of the corner part of V-shaped structures in nETR

is minor. Based on this, we may remove the corner part so that the V-shaped structure consists of two nanorod branches only, as PLX-4720 datasheet shown in Figure 3c. The nETR spectrum in this structure is also displayed in Figure 4d with n = 1; we can see that the resonance wavelength is 1,177 nm with a maximum enhancement of nearly 84,000. This

resonance wavelength is very close to that in the case of single nanorod structure, while the maximum enhancement is ten times higher than the latter. Compared with other V-shaped structures having corner parts, this simple structure is thus more suitable to be applied in practical experiment and applications in integrated photonic devices. In the above discussions, we proposed V-shaped structures with symmetric configuration for donor-dipole pair with symmetric Transferase inhibitor dipole directions; the directions of the donor and acceptor dipoles are both aligned to the principle axis of the nanorod branches. In order to further examine the controllability and robustness of these V-shaped structures, we now discuss the RET-enhancing abilities of these structures for donor-dipole pair with asymmetric configuration θ D = 60° and θ A = 30°. Figure 5a displays the nETR spectra in the V-shaped structures

shown in Figure 3a with a sharp corner part, θ 1 = θ 2 = 60°, and different gap widths g, compared with the case of single nanorod. Here we have θ A ≠ θ D and θ A ≠ θ 2; the direction of the acceptor dipole is thus a bit misaligned from the principle axis of the second nanorod branch. Compared with Figure 4a, the nETR in the single nanorod structure increases with a maximum enhancement of 23,300, while the RET-enhancing abilities of the V-shaped structures become weaker. Nevertheless, the nETR spectrum in the V-shaped structures can still be modulated by the lengths of the nanorod branches. The nETR spectrum in the V-shaped structure with a sharp corner part and g = 10 nm still has a maximum enhancement of about 59,000, stronger than that in the single nanorod structure. Figure 5b displays the nETR spectra for V-shaped structures with different corner parts shown in Figure 3 for g = 10 nm and . It can be seen that the RET-enhancing ability of the V-shaped structures is still robust.

Thus, when a case of legionellosis is recognized others may become infected from the same source if appropriate control measures are not taken

to reduce the risk of further transmission. The source of the outbreak or incident can be determined by epidemiological investigation together with characterization of legionellae isolated from patients and putative environmental sources [1, 2]. As the vast majority of cases of legionellosis are caused by Legionella pneumophila, and this species is very common in the environment, discriminatory typing methods are needed to differentiate between isolates if a convincing epidemiological link between patient and source is to be established. Consequently a large number of molecular methods selleck kinase inhibitor have been investigated for epidemiological typing purposes and one of these, devised by members of the European GSK2118436 ic50 Working Group for Legionella Infections (EWGLI) and termed sequence-based typing (SBT), has become established internationally as the typing method of choice [3, 4]. This method is a variant of the classic multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) schemes used to identify bacterial lineages, the utility of which has been previously described [5]. The availability of a substantial quantity of international SBT typing data has led to the recognition that the majority of legionellosis is caused by a relatively small subset of all strains recovered from

the environment [6, 7]. This poses the question of whether some clonal www.selleckchem.com/products/Raltegravir-(MK-0518).html lineages have characteristics that make them more likely to cause human infection than others that are more, or equally, prevalent in the environment [6]. Requirements to answer this question

are; a means to subdivide the L. pneumophila population into clusters which are genetically similar so that we can describe the shared phenotypes of these clusters, and knowledge of the frequency Rebamipide of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and recombination. This latter is crucial since these molecular events may result in the rapid development of novel phenotypes previously unseen in a clonal lineage and high levels of recombination may make clustering of organisms into related groups problematic [8]. Early studies using electrophoretic analysis of protein polymorphism (multi locus enzyme electrophoresis, MLEE) described 62 electrophoretic types and concluded that L. pneumophila was clonal in nature [9]. More recently a study examining four genes in the dot/icm complex [10] demonstrated clear evidence of intraspecific genetic exchange in L. pneumophila. Whilst initial studies using SBT data [11, 12] supported evidence for the clonal nature of L.pneumophila, it was acknowledged that intergenic recombination events could not be ruled out. Subsequent work analysing intragenic recombination in the six SBT loci and additional non-coding loci concluded that recombination was frequent in Legionella spp. [13, 14].

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