Figure 6 Intensity modulation response of 600A and 750A. Note that the reverse bias voltages are 0.5 and 0 V, respectively. GDC-0994 mouse Note that although the DC extinction ratio of 600A (750A) was reduced to less than 70% (30%) of its original modulation ability, RF measurement on the devices was still possible due to lower propagation loss after annealing. The 3-dB bandwidth of both 600A and

750A is approximately 1.6 GHz. Noting that these are preliminary RF results, similar frequency responses of approximately 1.6 GHz for both 600A and 750A might be due to the non-optimized WG structures and RF matching. That is, the obtained RF performance was limited by the device design and not by the QD materials. Therefore, we believe that an improvement in the high-speed performance will be expected following the optimization of QD waveguide design and BX-795 mw improved RF matching. The realization

of RF measurement on the processed (annealed) lumped-element QD-EAM confirms the prospect of QD epiwafer in monolithic integration for future references. By applying low-cost intermixing, such integration will have low insertion loss and polarization-independent properties [14]. This is because the integrated devices would actually be made from the selleck kinase inhibitor same epilayers unlike other types of integration. Therefore, the EAMs would naturally be tuned to the same polarization as that of the emitted radiation from the corresponding QD lasers, and improved extinction ratio may even be observed due to the improved absorption strength of the same platform that integrated devices share. Conclusions In this work, we investigated the effects of annealing on the static and dynamic performances of lumped-element QD-EAM operating at the wavelength of 1.3 μm. The extinction ratio at −8 V (propagation loss) for the as-grown, 600°C, and 750°C DUTs was found to be 10 dB (4.0 dB/cm), 7 dB (3.7 dB/cm), and <3 dB (3.0 dB/cm), respectively. Hence, both the extinction ratio and the insertion loss decrease upon

Metalloexopeptidase increase in annealing temperature. Most significantly, the 3-dB response of the 750°C-annealed lumped-element QD-EAM was found to be 1.6 GHz at zero reverse bias voltage. This suggests a cost- and design-effective solution to enhance transmission and will be beneficial for researchers working on the implementation of QD-EAMs in monolithic integration through the intermixing process method. Acknowledgement This work was supported in part by the DSTA Defense Innovative Research Project (POD0613635). References 1. Chu Y, Thompson MG, Penty RV, White IH, Kovsh AR: 1.3 μm quantum-dot electro-absorption modulator. In CLEO’07: Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics: May 6–11 2007; Baltimore. Piscataway: IEEE; 2007:1–2. 2. Ngo CY, Yoon SF, Loke WK, Cao Q, Lim DR, Wong V, Sim YK, Chua SJ: Investigation of semiconductor quantum dots for waveguide electroabsorption modulator. Nanoscale Res Lett 2008, 3:486–490.CrossRef 3.

Figure 4 Salmonella infection perturbs the host’s hepatobiliary homeostasis. (A) bile volumes recovered from the gallbladders of mice orally infected with Salmonella at the indicated hours post-infection (hpi). (B) Transcript levels of hepatic genes involved in liver biliary metabolism in mice infected with Salmonella, relative to the levels of CYT387 manufacturer uninfected animals (defined as 1, dashed line) at 24, 72 and 120 hours post-infection. Data by qPCR. Figure 5 Salmonella infection downregulates the neutral

bile acid synthesis WZB117 ic50 pathway. (A) relative levels of liver Cyp7a1 transcripts in mice infected with Salmonella. (B) CYP7A1 western blot of liver lysates. (C) Cholesterol and (D) triglycerides accumulation in the liver of Salmonella-infected vs. uninfected mice, (*p < 0.05; ****p < 0.0001). Salmonella infection leads to depletion of the hepatic FGF15 receptor complex Signaling of FGF15 in hepatocytes requires the tyrosine kinase membrane receptor

FGFR4 and the protein βKlotho. To determine if Salmonella infection disturbs the homeostasis of this pathway, we analyzed the levels of FGFR4 and βKlotho in infected and uninfected livers. Figures 6A and 6B show that the transcript levels of both Fgfr4 and Klb (βKlotho) were significantly decreased by infection. In addition, the protein selleckchem levels were also reduced, as evidenced by western blot (Figure 6C). Two major FGFR4 bands were detected in

uninfected animals, with apparent molecular weights of 115 and 125 KDa, likely corresponding to the core-glycosylated (FGFR4115) and fully-glycosylated, functional (FGFR4125) forms of FGFR4, respectively [29]. Infection led to the disappearance of FGFR4125 and a decrease of FGFR4115. Immunofluorescent staining of liver sections confirmed the reduction of FGFR4 and βKlotho. Both proteins were many clearly detected in uninfected hepatocytes (Figure 6D); in contrast, hepatocytes from Salmonella-infected livers were devoid of FGFR4 and βKlotho. Figure 6 Salmonella infection causes the loss of the hepatic FGF15 receptor complex. (A) relative levels of Fgfr4 and (B) Klb (βKlotho) transcripts in the livers of mice infected with Salmonella. The animals analyzed in (A) and (B) are from the high-infection group in Figure 1, the data is by qPCR, (**p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001). (C) FGFR4 and βKlotho western blots of liver lysates. (D) FGFR4 and βKlotho immunostaining of uninfected (top panel) and Salmonella-infected (bottom panel) liver samples. The figure shows a single, representative hepatocyte in each case. Scale bar is 5 μm. Discussion The FGF19-FGFR4 endocrine axis is currently considered a potential intervention point for the therapy of cancer, gallstone disease, and metabolic disorders associated to the metabolic syndrome [7, 30].

Table of oligonucleotides and probe regions designed for this study. (DOCX 16 KB) References 1. Cheng AC, Currie BJ: Melioidosis: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management. Clin Microbiol

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AM, Atkins T, Crossman LC, Pitt T, Churcher C, Mungall K, Bentley SD, et al.: Genomic plasticity of the causative agent of melioidosis, Burkholderia pseudomallei. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004,101(39):14240–14245.PubMedCrossRef 10. DeShazer D: Genomic diversity of Burkholderia pseudomallei clinical isolates: subtractive hybridization reveals a Burkholderia mallei-specific Clomifene prophage in B. pseudomallei 1026b. J Bacteriol 2004,186(12):3938–3950.PubMedCrossRef 11. Losada L, Ronning CM, DeShazer D, Woods D, Fedorova N, Kim HS, Shabalina SA, Pearson TR, Brinkac L, Tan P, et al.: Continuing evolution of Burkholderia mallei through genome reduction and large-scale rearrangements. Genome Biol Evol 2010, 2:102–116.PubMedCrossRef 12. Woods DE, Jeddeloh JA, Fritz DL, DeShazer D: Burkholderia thailandensis E125 harbors a temperate bacteriophage specific for Burkholderia mallei. J Bacteriol 2002,184(14):4003–4017.PubMedCrossRef 13.

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and pitfalls. J Clin Microbiol 2007, 45:2761–2764.PubMedCrossRef Competing interest Bruce Sodowich, Daniel Zweitzig, Nichol Riccardello, and S. Mark O’Hara

are all employees of Zeus Scientific Incorporated, a medical diagnostics company. Authors’ contributions BS designed and executed experiments, and drafted the manuscript. DZ provided technical and critical review of the experimental before design and results, and edited the manuscript. NR provided click here necessary laboratory support and repeated experimentation as necessary. SOH is the group leader and principal investigator. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) comprises a collection of disorders, which mainly include Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. These disorders cause abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, and gastrointestinal (GI) inflammation [1]. To date, no effective therapy has been developed and patients may have a reduced quality of life even under proper management. It has been shown that factors related to IBD include acquired factors (e.g., smoking and diet), pathogens, genetic factors, and irregular immune system [2]. Over the past decades, the homeostatic functions of microflora on host GI tract have attracted much attention because growing numbers of clinical studies have suggested that probiotics exhibit anti-inflammatory effects on IBD patients [3, 4]. Arseneau et al.

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by hyperosmotic stress. J Cell Biol 2007, 176:89–100.PubMedCrossRef 52. Cheng CJ, Huang CL: Activation of PI3-kinase stimulates endocytosis of ROMK via Akt1/SGK1-dependent phosphorylation of WNK1. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011, 22:460–71.PubMedCrossRef 53. Xu BE, Stippec S, Chu PY, Lazrak A, Li XJ, Lee BH, English JM, Ortega B, Huang CL, Cobb MH: WNK1 activates SGK1 to regulate the epithelial sodium channel. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005, 102:10315–20.PubMedCrossRef 54. Xu BE, Stippec S, Lenertz L, Lee BH, Zhang W, Lee YK, Cobb MH: WNK1 activates ERK5 by an MEKK2/3-dependent mechanism. J Biol Chem 2004, 279:7826–31.PubMedCrossRef 55. Ellinger-Ziegelbauer H,

Brown CB-839 price K, Kelly K, Siebenlist U: Direct activation of the stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) pathways by an inducible mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase kinase 3 (MEKK) derivative. J Biol Chem 1997, 272:2668–74.PubMedCrossRef 56. Yang J, Lin Y, Guo Z, Cheng J, Huang J, Deng L, Liao W, Chen Z, Liu Z, Su B: The essential role of MEKK3 in TNF-induced NF-kappaB activation. Nat Immunol 2001, 2:620–4.PubMedCrossRef 57. Sun W, Li H, Yu Y, Fan Y, Grabiner BC, Mao R, Ge N, Zhang H, Fu S, Lin X, Yang J: MEKK3 is required for lysophosphatidic acid-induced NF-kappaB activation. Cell Signal 2009, 21:1488–94.PubMedCrossRef 58. Barroga CF, Stevenson JK, Schwarz EM, Verma Screening Library price IM: Constitutive phosphorylation of I kappa B alpha by casein kinase II. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995,

Edoxaban 92:7637–41.PubMedCrossRef 59. Lin R, Beauparlant P, Makris C, Meloche S, Hiscott J: Phosphorylation of IkappaBalpha in the C-terminal PEST domain by casein kinase II affects intrinsic protein stability. Mol Cell Biol 1996, 16:1401–9.PubMed 60. Wang D, Westerheide SD, Hanson JL, Baldwin AS Jr: Tumor necrosis factor Belinostat chemical structure alpha-induced phosphorylation of RelA/p65 on Ser529 is controlled by casein kinase II. J Biol Chem 2000, 275:32592–7.PubMedCrossRef 61. Razani B, Reichardt AD, Cheng G: Non-canonical NF-kappaB signaling activation and regulation: principles and perspectives. Immunol Rev 2011, 244:44–54.PubMedCrossRef 62. Jiwani S, Wang Y, Dowd GC, Gianfelice A, Pichestapong P, Gavicherla B, Vanbennekom N, Ireton K: Identification of components of the host type IA phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway that promote internalization of Listeria monocytogenes . Infect Immun 2012, 80:1252–66.PubMedCrossRef 63. Cowan C, Jones HA, Kaya YH, Perry RD, Straley SC: Invasion of epithelial cells by Yersinia pestis : evidence for a Y. pestis -specific invasin. Infect Immun 2000, 68:4523–30.PubMedCrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

To obtain platelet-rich plasma (PRP), blood was immediately centrifuged (200×g, 10 min, RT). Platelets were isolated from PRP using BSA–Sepharose 2B gel filtration method

according to Walkowiak et al. (2000). The study was performed under the guidelines of the Helsinki Declaration for Human Research and approved by the Committee Selleck Luminespib on the Ethics of Research in Human Experimentation at the University of Lodz (KBBN-UL/II/21/2011). Thrombin sample preparation Human thrombin (initial concentration: 17.6 nM in 50 mM TBS, pH 7.4) was EGFR targets preincubated with polyphenolic compounds (4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, gallic acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, coumaric acid, resveratrol, cyanin, cyanidin, (+)-catechin, (−)-epicatechin, procyanidin B2, naringenin, naringin, hesperetin, hesperidin, quercetin, rutin, genistein and silybin)

at GSK2126458 the concentration range of 0.1–1,000 μM by 10 min at 37 °C. In these preparations, to nine volumes of thrombin one volume of polyphenolic compounds was added (final thrombin concentration was 15.8 nM). All tested compounds were dissolved in 50 % DMSO to the initial concentration of 10 mM; other solutions of compounds were also prepared in 50 % DMSO (prepared in 50 mM TBS, pH 7.4). The final concentration of DMSO in thrombin samples was 5 %. To prepare thrombin control samples, the same volume of solvent (50 % DMSO prepared in 50 mM TBS, pH 7.4) was added as in the case of the compound volume and warmed for 10 min to 37 °C. Determination of amidolytic activity of thrombin The activity of human

thrombin was determined by measuring the hydrolysis of chromogenic substrate D-Phe-Pip-Arg-pNA (Lottenberg et al., 1982; Sonder and Fenton, 1986). The absorbance measurements were performed at 415 nm using a 96-well microplate reader. To each reaction well, 40 μl of 3 mM chromogenic substrate was added. To initiate the chromogenic reaction, 280 μl of control thrombin (without tested compounds) or thrombin after preincubation with a polyphenolic compound to every reaction well in the same moment was added. The absorbance value was monitored every 12 s for 10 min. The maximal velocity of the reaction (V max, Δm OD/min) for each absorbance curve was Olopatadine determined. IC50 value (parameter) for every polyphenolic compound from inhibition curves was estimated. The measurement of thrombin-induced fibrinogen polymerization Polymerization of fibrin was monitored at 595 nm using a 96-well microtiter plate reader. To each reaction well of the microtiter plate, 100 μl of fibrinogen (3 mg/ml) in 50 mM TBS and 5 mM CaCl2, pH 7.4, were added. To initiate the polymerization reaction in all reaction wells, 200 μl of thrombin control mixture or thrombin solution preincubated with polyphenolic compounds (final concentration of thrombin—10.4 nM) was added. Thrombin-catalyzed fibrinogen polymerization was monitored every 12 s for 20 min at 37 °C.

1971; Eisenberger and Kincaid 1978) overlaps the history of the structural research on the OEC in photosystem II (PS II). The historical background of the XAS study on PS II, especially the early work, has been reviewed in some detail (Yachandra et al. 1996; Penner-Hahn 1998; Yachandra 2005; Yano and Yachandra 2007; Sauer et al. 2008). In X-ray spectroscopy, transitions are involved in absorption (XAS, X-ray absorption spectroscopy) or emission (XES, X-ray emission spectroscopy) of X-rays, where the former probes the ground state to the excited state transitions, while the latter probes the decay process from the excited state. Both methods characterize the

chemical nature and environment of atoms in molecules, and synchrotron sources

provide a range of X-ray energies Fedratinib purchase that are applicable buy MAPK Inhibitor Library to most elements in the periodic table, in particular, those present in redox-active metallo-enzymes. The choice of the energy of the X-rays used, in most cases, determines the specific element being probed. This is quite a contrast with other methods, such as optical or UV absorption, fluorescence, magnetic susceptibility, electrochemistry etc., which have been applied to study biological redox systems. The results from infrared and Raman find protocol spectroscopy can be related to specific elements through isotopic substitution, but the analysis of such spectra for metal clusters is complicated when the structure is not known. In this article, we focus on XAS methods which have been used in the field of photosynthesis. Progesterone The XES methods are discussed in the paper by Bergmann and Glatzel (this issue). X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is the measurement

of transitions from core electronic states of the metal to the excited electronic states (LUMO) and the continuum; the former is known as X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES), and the latter as extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) which studies the fine structure in the absorption at energies greater than the threshold for electron release. These two methods give complementary structural information, the XANES spectra reporting electronic structure and symmetry of the metal site, and the EXAFS reporting numbers, types, and distances to ligands and neighboring atoms from the absorbing element (Koningsberger and Prins 1988). X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) allows us to study the local structure of the element of interest without interference from absorption by the protein matrix, water or air. Yet, X-ray spectroscopy of metallo-enzymes has been a challenge due to the small relative concentration of the element of interest in the sample. In the PS II, for example, Mn may be at the level of 10 parts per million or less. In such a case, the use of X-ray fluorescence for the detection of the absorption spectra, instead of using the transmission detection mode, has been the standard approach.

The species identification was conducted using standardized identification system API 20E (bioMérieux Italia);   3) Enterococcus spp.: 250 mL of each sample was filtered through a 0,45 μm cellulose membrane filter, placed on Slanetz-Bartley agar (bioMérieux Italia), and plates were incubated at 37°C for 48 hours. If typical colonies (red/brown/pink) were present, the membrane was transferred on pre-warmed (44°C) plates of Bile Aesculina Azide agar (bioMérieux Italia) and incubated at 44°C for 2 hours

(ISO 7899-2). Typical brown/black colonies were identified as Enterococcus spp. using standardized identification system API AZD5363 20 Strep (bioMérieux Italia);   4) Pseudomonas spp.: 250 mL of each sample was filtered through a 0,45 μm cellulose membrane filter, placed on Pseudomonas CN agar (Cetrimide-Nalidixic Acid, bioMérieux Italia), and plates were incubated

at 37°C for 48 hours, blue/green colonies were isolated on Plate Count agar (bioMérieux Italia) at 37°C for 24 hours, and after the oxydase test (bioMérieux Italia), the species identification was conducted using standardized identification system API 20NE (bioMérieux Italia) (prEN ISO 12780);   5) Other microorganisms: singles colonies growing on Tergitol 7 TTC agar (bioMérieux Italia) were transferred on McConkey agar (bioMérieux Italia), and plates were incubated at 37°C for Ponatinib mouse 24-48 hours; after the oxydase test (bioMérieux Italia), the species identification was conducted using standardized identification systems API 20E/20NE (bioMérieux Italia).   Chemical analyses pH The check details pH was determined electrometrically by using the technique recommended in the Standard Methods [13]. LY2874455 mw residual free chlorine The residual free chlorine content was measured using the N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPD) colorimetric method at the time of sample collection (colorimetric DPD method; Microquant; Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) [13]. Ammonium For ammonium ions determination,

50 mL of the water sample and the calibration samples were mixed with 1 mL of a potassium tetraiodiomercurate solution. After 20 minutes reaction time at room temperature in NH3-free atmosphere, the solution was examined photometrically at a wavelength of 420 nm in cuvettes of appropriate path length (IRSA-CNR, Rome, Italy). Nitrite For nitrite ion determination, 50 mL of the water sample and the calibration samples were mixed with 2 mL of a freshly prepared mixture of equal parts of sulphanilic acid solution and 1-naphthylamine solution. After 2 hours at 20°C in darkness the extinction at 530 nm was measured [14]. Statistical analysis Basic descriptive summaries were used to describe measures of central tendencies and dispersion of water characteristics and microbial concentrations.

These Pd-based catalysts are synthesized in different structures such as bimetallic alloys [20–23], nanodendrites [23], core-shell [24, 25], and nanoneedle [26] through the geometric and electronic effects, the most well-known factors [27] that affect the catalytic reactions and usually work jointly. Among the developed structures, the core-shell structures of Pd-based materials [28–31] not only demonstrate high catalytic activity, stability, and durability but also provide a suitable platform to understand the interaction between the core and Pd shell. Particularly, Au/Pd core-shell nanoparticles (NPs) are reported to show excellent

electrochemical properties in FAO [28, 29, 31] and oxygen reduction reaction [32]. The catalytic ability dictated by both the geometric and electronic effects in the core-shell structures can be easily tuned by controlling the composition [33], https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ferrostatin-1-fer-1.html structure, or even particle size of the Au core and Pd layers. Despite extensive development, however, reports on

the impact of porous and hollow Au cores in the Au/Pd core-shell structure are rare. We have developed a unique electrodeposition method to synthesize the Au/Pd core-shell NPs by coating Pd on the surface of hollow www.selleckchem.com/products/bay-11-7082-bay-11-7821.html Au nanospheres [24]. In this paper, we aim to investigate the impact of the Au support, whose structure has been tuned systemically by adjusting the concentration of the Au solution, on the catalytic ability of the Pd layer toward FAO. Methods The hollow Au/Pd core-shell NPs were fabricated from hollow Au

spheres via an electrodeposition method. The electrochemically evolved hydrogen nanobubbles reduced Au+ ions at the boundary into metallic hollow Au clusters. The process has been reported in our previous studies [34, 35], and the size of the hollow Au nanospheres is between 120 and 180 nm with individual grain size ranging from 2 to 8 nm. To adjust the concentration of the Au solution, a buffer solution, containing sodium sulfite (10%), ethylenediamine (5%), and distilled water (85%), was chosen to dilute the Au solution and keep the Au complex (Na3Au(SO3)2) stable. In this study, we prepared three different Sclareol hollow Au nanospheres denoted as Au100, Au50, and Au25, in which the number stands for the percentage of the Au concentration relative to the received Au solution (7.775 g L-1 from Technic, Woonsocket, RI, USA). To form the Pd shell onto the hollow Au nanosphere substrates, the Au layers were first coated with Cu in a Cu electroless electrolyte, which consisted of 0.4 M CuSO4, 0.17 M ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt dehydrate as complexant, and formaldehyde as CAL-101 in vivo reducing agent at pH = 10.3 for 10 min. Then an aqueous solution of 2.53 mM PdCl2 was used to replace of the Cu layer through a galvanic reaction for 30 min: Cu(s) + Pd2+(aq) → Pd(s) + Cu2+(aq). The structures of the NPs were determined using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) with Cu-Kα source (Siemens D500, Munich, Germany).

6 ± 4†* 20.3 ± 4† T × D × S = 0.003   GCM 19.9 ± 3 20.8 ± 4†* 21.3 ± 3†*     P 18.4 ± 5 18.6 ± 5 18.8 ± 4     Mean 19.2 ± 4 19.8 ± 4 20.1 ± 4†   Bench Press HC-GCM 26.9 ± 5 29.1 ± 8 29.8 ± 8 D = 0.57 1RM (kg) HC-P 27.0 ± 7 28.2 ± 6 29.5 ± 6 S = 0.19   HP-GCM 29.8 ± 6 33.8 ± 7 34.6 ± 6 T = 0.001   HP-P 24.4 ± 2 28.4 ± 3 27.8 ± 5 T × D = 0.18q   HC 27.0 ± 6 28.7

± 7 29.7 ± 7 T × S = 0.57   HP 28.1 ± 5 32.1 ± 6 32.5 ± 6 T × D × S = 0.75   GCM 28.5 ± 6 31.8 ± 7 32.5 ± 7     P 26.2 ± 6 28.7 ± 7 29.0 ± 6     Mean 27.5 ± 6 30.2 ± 6† 30.9 ± 7†   Upper Body Endurance (kg) HC-GCM 206 ± 52 269 ± 121 245 ± 120 D = 0.81   HC-P 164 ± 88 175 ± 109 198 ± 142 S = 0.02   HP-GCM 242 ± 81 299 https://www.selleckchem.com/products/mrt67307.html ± 128 278 ± 116 T = 0.04q   HP-P 157 ± 22 179 ± 34 153 ± 26 T × D = 0.59   HC 182 ± 75 216 ± 120 219 ± 131 T × S = 0.17q   HP 216 ± 66 262 ± 120 240 ± 113 T × D × S = 0.64   GCM 226 ± 59 286 ± 122 264 ± 115     P 162 ± 73 176 ± 90 184 ± 119     Mean 197 ± 72 237 ± 120† 228 ± 121   Data are means ± standard deviations. SB-715992 Results from isokinetic knee FK228 molecular weight Extension and flexion tests are presented in Table 5. No significant group or group × time interactions were observed. Therefore, data are presented for mean time

effects. Training significantly increased knee extension and flexion peak torque values in each set of maximal voluntary contractions studied. Average gains in knee extension peak torque strength was 8-13% when performing 5 repetitions at 60 deg/sec, 12-22% when performing 10 repetitions at 180 deg/sec, and 12-19% when performing 15 repetitions at 300 deg/sec. Similarly, knee flexion peak torque increased by 26-28%, 45-46%, PAK5 and 30-38% during the three exercise bouts, respectively. There was also evidence that training influenced fatigue index responses. Table 5 Mean isokinetic knee extension and flexion data observed over time Variable 0 Weeks 10 14 Group p-level Time G × T 5 Repetitions at 60 deg/sec             Peak Torque – RL Extension (kg/m) 9.90 ± 2.0 10.38 ± 2.6 10.69 ± 2.8 0.36 0.13 0.69 Peak Torque – LL Extension (kg/m) 9.15 ± 2.2 10.38 ± 2.6† 10.34 ± 2.9† 0.47 0.04 0.44 Peak Torque – RL Flexion (kg/m) 4.66 ± 1.6 5.53 ± 1.6† 5.99 ± 2.1† 0.62 0.003 0.90 Peak Torque – LL Flexion (kg/m) 4.44 ± 1.6 5.47 ± 1.7† 5.61 ± 1.9† 0.71 0.01 0. 45 Fatigue Index – RL Extension (%) -0.8 ± 50 9.4 ± 18 8.7 ± 25 0.79 0.32 0.54 Fatigue Index – LL Extension (%) 3.5 ± 30 11.1 ± 19 11.0 ± 18 0.73 0.38 0.41 Fatigue Index – RL Flexion (%) -8.8 ± 72 16.9 ± 28† 25.3 ± 13† 0.23 0.02 0.28 Fatigue Index – LL Flexion (%) 12.6 ± 30 19.4 ± 18 23.4 ± 10 0.82 0.12 0.