57, 58 The mortality rate is somewhat higher in these areas, probably because of older age and coexistent illnesses. Variations in modes of transmission, disease epidemiology, or prevalent virus genotypes may account for these differences. HEV infection was previously believed to be always

self-limited. Persistent HEV infection was first reported in 2008 in 8 French solid-organ transplant recipients who were receiving immunosuppressive drugs, had recently developed transaminase elevation, Selleck INCB024360 and had infection with genotype 3 HEV.59 These patients had evidence of more marked immunosuppression than those with organ transplantation and resolving HEV infection. Chronic HEV viremia has also been reported in patients with hematological diseases,60 human immunodeficiency virus infection,61 or those receiving anticancer chemotherapy.60 Liver histology in such patients shows portal hepatitis with dense lymphocytic infiltrate, piecemeal necrosis, and fibrosis; in some cases, serial liver biopsies showed the development of liver fibrosis,62 suggesting the possibility of progression

to cirrhosis. Persistent infection has not been reported with genotype 1 or 2 HEV, or among otherwise healthy persons, or from highly endemic regions. selleck inhibitor Several nonhepatic manifestations have been described with HEV infection, mostly as case reports or small case series (Table 2), based usually on the detection of anti-HEV IgM, rather than HEV RNA. 2 The rise in serum aminotransferases, such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferse, is a sensitive, though nonspecific, indicator of liver injury. Specific diagnosis

of hepatitis E is based primarily on serological tests for anti-HEV antibodies. In endemic areas, detection of IgM anti-HEV suggests current infection, whereas IgG anti-HEV indicates past exposure. In nonendemic areas, IgG anti-HEV has also been used for the diagnosis of acute infection; recent reports of high anti-HEV seroprevalence rates, however, indicate that this may not be a correct approach. Currently available enzyme immunoassays are based on immunodominant parts of the ORF2 and ORF3 Amoxicillin proteins; their sensitivity and specificity rates appear inadequate and thus assays need improvement. HEV nucleic acid detection using amplification techniques not only provides detection of HEV infection, but also allows identification of viral genotype and genomic sequences of the infecting viral isolate. However, because viremia and viral shedding are both brief, these assays may lack sensitivity. Because the illness is self-limiting, most patients need no specific treatment. Patients with acute or acute-on-chronic liver failure need admission to an intensive care unit, measures to control cerebral edema, and may need liver transplantation.63 No data are available on the effect of termination of pregnancy on liver function.