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“We synthesized water-insoluble polymers, poly(beta-cyclodextrin-co-citric acid)s, by heating a mixture of citric acid, cyclodextrin (CD), and Na(2)HPO(4) as a catalyst with a 6 : 1 : 2 molar ratio at 160, 170, and 180 degrees C for 10 and 20 min.

The chemical composition of the polyesters was determined by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the polymer LB-100 manufacturer hydrolysates. The cross-linking mechanisms and thermal degradation of the polymers were also investigated. The polyesters contained 30-35% citric acid, 1-4% unsaturated carboxylic acids (i.e., itaconic, cis-aconitic, trans-aconitic, and mesaconic acids), and 60-70% CD, whereas about 40% of them were able to form inclusion complexes. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 119: 3511-3520, 2011″
“Malaria remains a major health burden especially for the developing countries. Despite concerted efforts at using the current control tools, such as bed nets, anti malarial

drugs and vector control measures, the disease is accountable for close to a million deaths annually. Vaccines have been proposed as a necessary addition to the armamentarium that could work towards elimination and eventual eradication of malaria in view of their historical significance in combating infectious diseases. However, because malaria vaccines would work see more differently depending on the targeted parasite Selleck Volasertib stage, this review addresses the potential impact various malaria vaccine types could have on transmission. Further, because of the wide variation in the epidemiology of malaria across the endemic regions, this paper proposes that the ideal approach to malaria control ought to be tailor-made depending on the specific context. Finally, it suggests that although it is highly desirable to anticipate and aim for malaria elimination and eventual eradication, many affected regions should prioritize reduction

of mortality and morbidity before aspiring for elimination.”
“Metal hyperaccumulator plants have previously been characterized by transcriptomics, but reports on other profiling techniques are scarce. Protein profiles of Thlaspi caerulescens accessions La Calamine (LC) and Lellingen (LE) and lines derived from an LCxLE cross were examined here to determine the co-segregation of protein expression with the level of zinc (Zn) hyperaccumulation. Although hydrophobic proteins such as membrane transporters are not disclosed, this approach has the potential to reveal other proteins important for the Zn hyperaccumulation trait. Plants were exposed to metals. Proteins were separated using two-dimensional electrophoresis and those showing differences among accessions, lines or metal exposures were subjected to mass-spectrometric analysis for identification.