To examine the involvement of IL-12 from DCs in the activation of NK cells, we co-cultured NK cells with AFP-DCs or Alb-DCs with or without the presence of neutralizing antibody for IL-12. The cytolytic activity of NK cells co-cultured with Alb-DCs decreased to the level of that with AFP-DCs on addition of anti-IL-12 neutralizing antibody. Moreover, adding IL-12 to the co-culture of AFP-DCs and NK cells resulted in enhancement of the cytolytic activity of NK cells to the levels

of Alb-DCs and NK cells. Taken together, these data demonstrated Midostaurin cell line that IL-12 derived from AFP-DCs plays essential roles in the impairment of NK cytotoxicity, which is consistent with the results of the production of IL-12 from AFP-DCs and Alb-DCs. Serum AFP is often high in patients with cirrhosis without HCC [8]. Oka et al. reported that the incidence of HCC development is significantly high in cirrhosis patients who had elevated serum levels of AFP [17], which suggests that high production of AFP in cirrhosis patients might also impair innate immunity, leading to HCC development. Our results might offer support for the hypothesis that elevation of AFP in cirrhosis patients impairs innate immunity which plays an essential role in the deletion of micro HCC, and thus results in promotion of HCC development. Although the expression of antigen-presenting related molecules on AFP-DCs was not altered,

the maturation of AFP-DCs was inhibited compared with Alb-DCs. This is consistent with a previous report [13] suggesting that the EPZ-6438 molecular weight presence of AFP impairs DC maturation. DCs have been implicated in the activation of NK cells

[19]. However, activated NK cells have been shown to recognize and lyse DCs in vitro and in vivo, but maturation of DCs results in resistance to NK lysis [19]. In HCC patients, it has been shown that impairment of DCs is associated with increased tumour progression [20] and that the levels of activated DCs are significantly low in HCC tissues [21]. High levels of AFP produced by HCC tissues may impair DC maturation, which would enhance HCC progression by removing DCs from HCC tumour areas. IL-12 exhibits a number of immunologically important activities, including the ability Bay 11-7085 to enhance NK cell and CTL functionality, to polarize CD4+ T cell responses by preferentially supporting the T helper type 1/cytotoxic T cell (Th1/Tc1)-type and to suppress Th2-type immunity [22]. We have demonstrated that the production of IL-12 protein from LPS-stimulated or Poly(I:C)-stimulated AFP-DCs was impaired significantly compared with that from Alb-DCs, which might affect immunosuppression in AFP-elevated patients. The expression of mRNA of both IL-12p35 and IL-12p40 were also inhibited significantly in AFP-DCs compared with Alb-DCs but not those of TLR-4, LPS receptor and TLR-3, Poly(I:C) receptor.