“
“The sensory neuron-specific receptor (SNSR) is exclusively distributed in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells. We have demonstrated

that intrathecal (i.t.) administration of SNSR agonists inhibits formalin-evoked responses and the development of morphine tolerance [Chen, T., Cai, Q., Hong. Y., 2006. Intrathecal sensory neuron-specific receptor agonists bovine adrenal medulla 8-22 and (tyr(6))-gamma2-msh-6-12 inhibit formalin-evoked nociception and neuronal fos-like immunoreactivity PCI-32765 chemical structure in the spinal cord of the rat. Neuroscience 141, 965-975]. The present study was undertaken to examine the possible impact of the activation of SNSR on NMDA receptors. I.t. administration of NMDA (6.8 nmol) induced nociceptive behaviors, including scratching, biting and lifting, followed by thermal

hypoalgesia and hyperalgesia. These responses were associated with the expression of Fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI) throughout the spinal dorsal horn with highest effect seen in laminae I-II. I.t. NMDA also induced an increase in nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in superficial SRT2104 chemical structure layers of the dorsal horn, but not around the central canal, as revealed by NADPH diaphorase histochemistry. Pretreatment with the SNSR agonist bovine adrenal medulla 8-22 (3, 10 and 30 nmol) dose-dependently diminished NMDA-evoked nocifensive behaviors and hyperalgesia. This agonist also reduced NMDA-evoked expression of FLI and NADPH reactivity in the spinal Copanlisib clinical trial dorsal horn. Taken together, these data suggest that the activation of SNSR induces spinal analgesia by suppressing NMDA receptor-mediated activation of spinal dorsal horn neurons and an increase in NOS activity. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose: We review our results with isolated male epispadias

repair, comparing the Cantwell-Ransley and Mitchell-Bagli procedures in regard to continence status and postoperative complications.

Materials and Methods: We reviewed the charts of 33 patients presenting with isolated epispadias (glanular in 3, penile in 9, penopubic in 21) between 1994 and 2005. Of the 21 patients with penopubic epispadias Cantwell-Ransley repair was performed in 14 and Mitchell-Bagli repair was done in 7.

Results: Mean patient age at epispadias repair was 16.8 months (range 12 to 24) and 19.3 months (9 to 42) for the Cantwell-Ransley and Mitchell-Bagli operations, respectively. After epispadias repair in the Mitchell-Bagli group 4 of 6 patients (67%) became continent vs 0 of 13 in the Cantwell-Ransley group (p < 0.01). Bladder neck repair was performed in 11 of 13 children (85%) who underwent a Cantwell-Ransley repair. Of these 11 boys 6 became continent. Hence, 3 of the 5 patients who failed the first bladder neck repair underwent a second bladder neck repair with augmentation cystoplasty to achieve dryness (dry more than 4 hours). The other 2 patients are on clean intermittent catheterization and have 2 to 4-hour dry intervals.