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“The circadian system of plants regulates a wide range of rhythmic physiological and cellular output processes with a period of about 24 h. The rhythms are generated by an oscillator mechanism that, in Arabidopsis, consists of interlocking feedback loops of several components including CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED MAPK inhibitor 1 (CCA1), LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL (LHY), TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION 1 (TOC1) and CCA1 HIKING EXPEDITION (CHE). Over recent years, researchers have gained a detailed picture of the clock mechanism

at the resolution of the whole plant and several tissue types, but little information is known about the specificities of the clock mechanism at the level of individual cells. In this paper we have addressed the question of 17DMAG chemical structure cell-type-specific differences in circadian systems. Using transgenic Arabidopsis plants with fluorescence-tagged CCA1 to measure rhythmicity in individual leaf cells in intact living plants, we showed that stomatal guard cells have a different period from surrounding epidermal and mesophyll leaf cells. By comparing transcript levels in guard cells with whole plants, we identified differences in the expression of some oscillator genes that may underlie cell-specific differences in clock properties. In addition, we demonstrated that the oscillators of individual

cells in the leaf are robust, but become partially desynchronized in constant conditions. Taken together our results suggest that, at EPZ5676 supplier the level of individual cells, there are

differences in the canonical oscillator mechanism that has been described for plants.”
“In this work, the experimental data of the compaction behavior of jute woven fabrics obtained in a previous work were modeled. A brief description of the current theoretical models found in literature is presented. It was concluded that these theoretical models cannot be used on natural fiber fabrics due to the vast differences in fiber structure and fibers assembly among natural and synthetic fibers. Therefore, two empirical models commonly seen in literature were used to fit the experimental data: the power law and the exponential function. In addition, a novel model was proposed, which represented much better the compaction behavior of the fabrics. The stress relaxation was also modeled using three empirical models: a power law, a first-order exponential function, and a second-order exponential function. The two-parameter power law model fitted the relaxation curve as well as the five-parameter exponential function. On the other hand, the first-order exponential function could not represent properly the relaxation stage. (c) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.