The cell suspension was sonicated (8 × 30 s, Sonicator Heat system with 50% duty cycle) on ice in the presence of protease inhibitor PMSF. The cell lysate was centrifuged at 14 000 g for 30 min at 4 °C to remove cell debris. The clear supernatant was loaded on a Q-Sepharose ion exchanger. The cleared supernatant was applied to a 2 cm × 10 cm column packed with an anion-exchanger, Q-Sepharose, previously equilibrated with buffer A. The flow through was collected and passed five to six times from the column. The protein fraction bound to the matrix (including

the target protein) was eluted with 100 mL of a linear 0–1 M NaCl gradient, prepared in the same buffer. The fractions were then run on a 10% sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) gel to determine which

fractions contain the full-length squalene synthase. The fractions Daporinad showing SSN activity were pooled and applied on a phenyl superose column for further purification. The protein sample from the preceding step was saturated with 25% ammonium sulphate [(NH4)2SO4] Midostaurin purchase in buffer B (20 mM Tris, 175 mM NaCl, 2 mM EDTA, 5 mM BME, 1% Tween 80) and was applied on pre-equilibrated phenyl superose [with 25% (NH4)2SO4-saturated buffer B]. The column was washed successively with buffer B containing 20%, 15%, 10% and 5% saturated (NH4)2SO4. Finally, the protein was eluted with buffer B. The fractions showing squalene second synthase activity were combined and used for further studies. Protein samples were separated by 10% SDS-PAGE and transferred to a nitrocellulose

membrane. SDS-polyacrylamide gels were stained with Coomassie brilliant blue R-250. Western blots were probed with hexahistidine antibody, following the manufacturer’s recommendation, and immunoreactive proteins were visualized using chemiluminescent substrate Lumigen. Squalene synthase activity of the recombinant protein was determined as reported by Sealey-Cardona et al., 2007. The catalytic activity of SSN was assayed by measuring the conversion of [3H] FPP to [3H] squalene. Final assay concentrations were 50 mM morpholinepropanesulfonic acid–NaOH buffer (pH 7.4), 20 mM MgCl2, 5 mM 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)-dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate, 1% Tween 80, 10 mM dithiothreitol, 0.025 mg mL1 of bovine serum albumin, 0.25 mM NADPH, 0.10 mg of recombinant protein mL−1 and different concentrations of FPP. The final volume of the reaction was 200 μL. After incubation at 37 °C for 5 min, 40 μL of 10 M NaOH was added, followed by 10 μL of a mixture (50 : 1) of 70% ethanol and squalene. The resulting mixtures were mixed vigorously by vortexing, and then 10-μL aliquots were applied to 2.5 × 10-cm channels of a silica gel thin-layer chromatogram, and the newly formed squalene was separated from unreacted substrates by chromatography in toluene–ethyl acetate (9 : 1). The region of each chromatogram from 2 cm below the squalene band (Rf=0.