Studies using high-[K+] depolarization and Ca2+ ionophores to evaluate the effect of Ca2+-loading on the pH of presynaptic terminals isolated from brain (synaptosomes) have reported conflicting results: lack of effect (Richards et al., 1984 and Nachshen and Drapeau, 1988), acidification (Martinez-Serrano et al., 1992), or alkalinization

(Sánchez-Armass et al., 1994). To date, we know of no direct studies of pH changes in intact presynaptic terminals where Ca2+ influx is activated by physiological Selleck Veliparib action potential stimulation. We report here such measurements, made in motor nerve terminals of mice that transgenically express Yellow Fluorescent Protein (YFP) in neurons (Thy-1 promoter; Ormö et al., 1996 and Feng et al., 2000). These measurements are based on the fact that YFP fluorescence is pH sensitive over the physiological range: reversible protonation of the YFP chromophore domain decreases its fluorescence as pH acidifies from 8 to 5.5 (reviewed by Bizzarri et al., 2009). Using this pH indicator we found that the earliest effect of stimulation on the pH of motor terminals is (as expected from

studies of neuronal somata and dendrites) a Ca2+-dependent acidification whose magnitude is reduced by both the HCO3−/CO2 buffer system and an amiloride-sensitive Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE). This early acidification is followed by a pronounced, prolonged alkalinization not previously reported in neurons. We present evidence that this alkalinization is due to H+ extrusion via vesicular H+-ATPase (vATPase) transiently Dinaciclib concentration inserted into the plasma membrane during exocytosis. If this hypothesis is true, then the rate of decay of this alkalinization offers a method for measuring the time course with which certain vesicular components are endocytosed. We also find that inhibition of vATPase activity reduces vesicular endocytosis. This result, combined with previous reports that acidification inhibits one or more trans-isomer molecular weight components of clathrin-mediated endocytosis (see Discussion), suggests that the prolonged poststimulation alkalinization facilitates endocytosis. Figure 1A

shows a motor nerve terminal in the levator auris longus muscle of a mouse that transgenically expressed YFP in motor neurons. This preparation allows measurement of pH changes in motor terminal cytosol with no interference from changes that might also occur in muscle or Schwann cells. Figure 1B illustrates how YFP fluorescence in this terminal changed during and after the motor nerve was stimulated with trains of action potentials (50 Hz, 20 s). Figure 1C plots the magnitude of the average YFP fluorescence change in this terminal normalized to resting fluorescence (F/Frest), and Figure 1D shows the averaged response for 18 terminals. Changes in F/Frest were converted to cytosolic pH and [H+] assuming a resting pH of 6.