Similar colonic and small intestinal mucosal changes have been reported from India but have been termed ‘tropical enteropathy’.36 Long ago, an entity in which malabsorption syndrome developed following acute gastroenteritis, also called ‘epidemic tropical sprue’ or ‘post-infective tropical malabsorption’ was described from southern India.37–39 Epidemics of this condition were also reported in soldiers and prisoners of

war in the Indo-Burma region during the Second World War,40 in American military personnel serving in the Philippines,41 and in Bangladesh.42 This condition was also reported from temperate countries where it was named ‘temperate sprue’.43 Tropical sprue is often accompanied by colonization and overgrowth of bacteria in the small bowel,44,45 as has Gefitinib been recently reported in association with IBS.14,46 Tropical sprue is characterized by prolonged diarrhea; similarly, PI-IBS is usually diarrhea-predominant type.24 Diarrhea-predominant disease is more often associated with SIBO than other type of IBS.47 Patients with tropical sprue had abnormal excretion of urinary D-xylose

and steatorrhea.44 Would one diagnose this condition as PI-IBS if it occurs today, particularly if malabsorption of nutrients is not carefully excluded by appropriate investigations? Recently, there have been increasing numbers of published reports of Pictilisib supplier PI-IBS in association with decreasing numbers of publications about post-infective malabsorption syndromes. In most studies on PI-IBS, post-infective malabsorption syndrome has not been carefully excluded CYTH4 using tests for mucosal malabsorption like D-xylose or fecal fat estimation. Seven to 31% of people experiencing an attack of acute gastroenteritis develop PI-IBS;48 while the attack rate of tropical sprue among soldiers in the tropical countries was rather similar at 8–10%.42

Abnormal small intestinal permeability, which is also a feature of malabsorption syndrome including tropical sprue,49 has been described in patients with PI-IBS.50 Since IBS is a symptom-based diagnosis, a patient with mild malabsorption syndrome can easily be diagnosed as IBS, particularly of diarrhea-predominant type, unless malabsorption is carefully excluded by appropriate investigations. Recent reports of celiac disease and SIBO misdiagnosed and reported as IBS support this contention.15,51–53 Recent studies have suggested that a proportion of patients with IBS could have SIBO.14,46,54 This is not unexpected as symptoms of IBS and symptoms of SIBO are the same.15 Hence, patients with SIBO would be expected conform to the diagnosis of IBS because the latter is established by symptom-based criteria. Initial studies on SIBO in IBS from the USA by Pimentel et al.