restricted. We then estimated the absolute risk BMS-345541 cell line reduction associated with colonoscopy in preventing CRC incidence and mortality in the restricted cohort, using traditional regression analysis, propensity score analysis and instrumental variable analysis.

Results: The unselected cohort (N = 1,341,612) showed that colonoscopy

was associated with an increase in CRC incidence (1.61% vs. 4.61%) and mortality (0.36% vs. 1.16%), whereas the restricted cohort (N = 1,089,998) showed that colonoscopy was associated with a reduction in CRC incidence (1.36% vs. 0.84%) and mortality (0.23% vs. 0.15%). For CRC incidence, the absolute risk reduction (ARR) associated with colonoscopy use was 0.52% in an unadjusted model, 0.53% in a multivariate logistic regression model, 0.54% in a propensity score-weighted outcome model, 0.56% in propensity score-matched model, and 0.60% using instrumental variable

analysis. For CRC mortality, the ARR was 0.08% in the unadjusted model, multivariate logistic regression model and for a propensity score-weighted outcome model, 0.10% using propensity score matched model and 0.17% using the IVA model.

Conclusions: Colonoscopy use reduced the risk of CRC incidence and mortality in the restricted cohort. The study highlights the importance of appropriate selection of study subjects and use of analytic methods for the evaluation of screening methods using observational data.”
“Objective: To determine revealed pharmacy preference and predictors among patients enrolled in a pharmacy benefit that offered a 90-day supply of prescriptions via mail service and community TGF-beta inhibitor pharmacy channels, with no differences in out-of-pocket costs.

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Setting: United States in 2008-09.

Patients: 324,968 commercially insured participants enrolled in plans that required use of mail service pharmacy for maintenance medications.

Intervention: Implementation of GDC-0068 cell line a pharmacy

benefit design with optional use of either mail service or community pharmacy for 90-day supply prescriptions.

Main outcome measures: Selection rates of mail service and community pharmacy and adjusted odds ratios for predicting community pharmacy for selected characteristics.

Results: In the first 4 months of the benefit design, 31.8% of participants previously mandated to use mail service pharmacy elected to fill 90-day prescriptions at community pharmacies. Selection of community pharmacy ranged from a low of 23.7% (previous mail service pharmacy users) to 66.3% (previous community pharmacy users). Among those initiating therapy, 44.3% selected community pharmacy for their new prescriptions, and among those with no previous mail use, 68% selected community pharmacy for new prescriptions. Preference for community/mail service pharmacy was dependent on numerous characteristics, including age, gender, household income, region, driving distance (time), and concomitant medication use.