Other differences between the two studies include the

limited number of modules covered (i.e. only five subjects covered) and an unknown number of students answering each item in the Phipps and Brackbill study. Finally, different professors developing items and the diversity of the student population between universities could account for further variations. Despite these disparities, some similarities among the data exist, including discrimination scores for each content or format category falling below 0.3, and that Case-based items were defined by the presence of patient information actually necessary to answer the question. The simultaneous analysis of content and format allowed the authors to report a rank order of difficulty and discrimination, as detailed Enzalutamide cost in Table 5. The most difficult, best-discriminating items were Case-based pathophysiology, followed by K-type therapeutics questions. The least difficult, least discriminating items were Statement-based pathophysiology questions and True/False therapeutics questions. However, with small sample sizes it is difficult to make any statistical buy Androgen Receptor Antagonist inferences about them. Case-based dosing items were statistically more difficult (0.80 versus 0.89; P < 0.05) and approached significance for

greater discrimination than Standard-based therapeutics items. In our student population dosing ranked the highest in both difficulty and discrimination by content. Studies have demonstrated a lack of dosing knowledge in the curriculums of various health professions.[5-8] One study evaluating medical students’ opinions of their pharmacology curriculum revealed dosing

to be a lower priority than other subjects.[5] Physicians also usually perform poorly when asked to calculate or use medication doses appropriately. Physicians had difficulty calculating doses while only 65% of medical residents could administer the correct dose of a drug when surveyed.[6, 7] Another study evaluating the nursing profession showed Nintedanib (BIBF 1120) a significant lack of confidence in pharmacology and that drug dosing is an area which is not devoted any substantial time.[8] As a result, future prescribers may have a poor understanding of the appropriate dosing of medications. The pharmacists’ role is appropriately focused on medication use and knowledge. This is highlighted by a study demonstrating that dosing questions from health professionals were among the five most common types of questions asked at an academic affiliated drug information centre.[9] Furthermore, dosing enquiries rated among the ‘top four’ questions asked by consumers to pharmacists at community pharmacies.