Of note, the time-release and AZD2014 clearance of CK depends mainly on the type of exercise and its variables (volume, intensity, and duration). Apparently, this relationship is mainly dependent of intensity and volume [16]. When exercise intensity is mild/moderate and with low volume, muscle tissue does not undergo significant changes in membrane permeability

[17, 18]. However, with high intensity and low/moderate volume or low/moderate intensity and with high volume, changes in membrane permeability and increase in serum CK and the enzymes mentioned above may occur. Importantly, serum CK concentration has been associated with muscle functional properties such as strength find more impairment and reduced ATP resynthesis [9, 19, 20]. LDH is also a widely

used marker of cellular damage. It is already known that mechanical stimuli can induce significant increase of serum LDH and the degree of increase depends on the intensity and duration of the exercise [19, 21, 22]. This relationship has been demonstrated in several studies [23–25]. Myoglobin is another consistently used biochemical marker of muscle damage. After PF-6463922 research buy strenuous exercise, myoglobin is released as a result of degradation of muscle protein structures [19, 26, 27]. Its serum concentration may be elevated for some days probably due to the low-grade inflammation. The activity of myoglobin has strong correlation with the response of neutrophils induced by stress and is therefore a useful marker for monitoring the integrity of skeletal muscle tissue [19, 26, 27]. Among the markers mentioned above, most studies observed high inter-subject

variability in the activity of CK and LDH in response to RE-induced muscle damage [21, 22, 28]. In contrast, myoglobin appears to be more applicable since their variability is reduced when compared to the others [27]. BCAA supplementation and RE-induced muscle damage: results of human studies Recent studies suggest that BCAA supplementation may improve the repair see more of RE-induced damaged muscle tissue. Shimomura et al. [29] assessed serum free amino acids concentration in young untrained women supplemented with BCAA (5.5 g BCAA in 1.0 g of green tea) 15 minutes prior to performing a squat exercise (7 sets of 20 repetitions). The authors observed that serum BCAA concentrations were significantly decreased in the placebo group when compared to the supplemented group (2.2-fold higher), suggesting that the exercise protocol induced significant BCAA oxidation and the supplementation prevented such effect. Furthermore, another study from the same group [30] found that BCAA supplementation (5 g) 15 minutes before the same RE protocol reduced the peak time of muscle soreness (2-3 days after exercise) in young women by about 45% when compared to the placebo group (dextrin) and this reduction was significant up to 5 days after exercise.