In contrast, P. kernoviae is less

tolerant of basic pH but tolerated acidic pH as low as pH 3. It survived < 1 week at pH 11, although it and other two species tested here survived at pH 9. Consequently, it may have a low potential to spread through irrigation water, especially during the summer months. This study is supported in part by a grant from the National Institute of Food and Agriculture -Specialty Crop Research Initiative of United States Department of Agriculture (Agreement #: 2010-51181-21140). The authors would like to thank Clive Brasier (Forest Research, UK) and Steven Jeffers (Clemson University, USA) for providing the cultures. "
“Fusarium spp. are economically important crop pathogens and causal agents of Fusarium head blight (FHB) of cereals worldwide. Of the FHB pathogens, Fusarium see more graminearum 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON) and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON) are the most aggressive mycotoxigenic chemotypes, threatening food and feed quality as well as animal and human health. The

objective of the study was to evaluate host specificity and fungal–fungal interactions of Sphaerodes mycoparasitica– a recently described mycoparasite – with F. graminearum 3- and 15-ADON strains by employing in vitro, microscopic and PCR techniques. Results obtained in this study show that the germination of mycoparasite ascospore in the presence Mirabegron of F. graminearum 3- and 15-ADON

filtrates was greatly improved compared with Fusarium proliferatum and Fusarium sporotrichioides filtrates, suggesting a compatible interaction. Using quantitative Selleck Protease Inhibitor Library real-time PCR with Fusarium-specific (Fg16N) and trichothecene Tri5 (Tox5-1/2)-specific primer sets, S. mycoparasitica was found to reduce the amount of F. graminearum 3-ADON and 15-ADON DNAs under separate coinoculation assays. Sphaerodes mycoparasitica was not only able to germinate in the presence of F. graminearum filtrates, but also established biotrophic mycoparasitic relations with two F. graminearum chemotypes and suppressed Fusarium growth. Fusarium Link species are well-known fungal pathogens causing Fusarium head blight (FHB), Fusarium-damaged kernels, Fusarium wilt, Fusarium crown and Fusarium root rot on many plant hosts. FHB, also known as scab or ear blight, is one of the most ubiquitous symptoms detected in infected fields (Osborne & Stein, 2007). The effects of this disease, reported in wheat, maize and other major small grain cereals (Uhlig et al., 2007), are devastating, leading to the loss of billions of dollars in the North America agricultural sector (Bai & Shaner, 2004). Among Fusarium spp. involved in FHB symptom, the most aggressive is Fusarium graminearum Schwabe (teleomorph: Gibberella zeae Petch), which is currently replacing other Fusarium spp. in affected fields (Ward et al., 2008).