In agreement, another study using the DAKO-supplied antibody revealed expression in a 100% of analyzed metastatic testis teratoma SAHA HDAC [95]. Puzzling, however, remains that none of the analyzed female mature teratomas was found to express

IGF2BPs [95]. In urothelial carcinomas, IGF2BP3 expression, again exclusively assessed by the DAKO-supplied antibody, was correlated with an overall poor prognosis, increased metastasis and was elevated with increased tumor grade/stage [96], [97], [98], [99] and [100]. Notably, IGF2BP3 expression again was not associated with upregulated IGF2 or CD44 abundance, as also observed in other cancers [96]. Consistent with other carcinomas, upregulated expression of IGF2BP3, once again exclusively analyzed by the DAKO-supplied antibody, was observed in lung and esophageal cancer. Expression was associated with higher tumor grading and reached a 100% in small cell and metastatic lung cancer [101], [102], [103], [104], [105] and [106]. A bulk of studies indicates IGF2BP expression to be upregulated in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC; [41], [42], [43], DNA Damage inhibitor [107], [108], [109] and [110]). All studies relied on the DAKO-supplied antibody and thus paralogue-specific expression signatures remain yet to be addressed. However, as observed in other carcinomas, the expression of IGF2BP3 was correlated

with an overall poor prognosis [41], [42] and [110] and confirmed as a predictor of lymph node status [108] and metastasis

[41], [43] and [107]. In agreement, in vitro studies suggested IGF2BP3-dependent to enhancement of podoplanin (PDPN) expression, which was proposed to promote tumor cell invasiveness [43]. Notably, PDPN and IGF2BP3 expression significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis in OSCC patients. Various studies reported upregulated expression of IGF2BP3 in keratoacanthomas, squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) of the skin [111], melanoma [112], [113], [114] and [115] and merkel cell carcinoma [116]. All these studies relied on the DAKO-supplied antibody and thus paralogue-specific expression remains yet to be investigated. As observed for various other solid cancers, higher incidence of IGF2BP3 expression was observed in invasive SCC of the skin [111] and metastatic melanoma [113] and [114]. Notably, one study revealed that the expression of IGF2BP1 (Chr.17q) and/or IGF2BP3 (Chr.7p) in metastatic melanoma could be increased due to chromosomal gain [115]. In agreement, we recently reported that IGF2BP1 enhances the migratory potential and a mesenchymal-like cell phenotype in melanoma-derived tumor cells [36]. In thyroid cancers of follicular origin, IGF2BP expression, mainly assessed by immunostaining using the DAKO-supplied antibody, was proposed to be of diagnostic value [117], [118] and [119].