In addition to acting as an energy buffer, PCr also acts as a proton (H+) buffer when the creatine kinase reaction favors regenerating ATP [53]. This utilization of H+ may delay the decrease in skeletal

muscle pH, possibly signaling arterial chemoreceptors and augmenting the ventilatory response. Future studies, however, are needed to validate our results. Both HIIT and Cr have been reported to improve total work done [5, 28, 30–33]. However, no improvements were observed in TWD during a ride to exhaustion at 110% of the maximum workload reached during the GXT in the present study. One reason for the lack of improvement in GW-572016 cost TWD in the current study may be participant motivation. The 110% workload during which TWD was measured was the first ride to exhaustion in a session of 3 rides to exhaustion. Therefore, participants may have quit early in order to save energy for Acalabrutinib the subsequent work bouts. In addition, studies that observed improvements in TWD following Cr supplementation implemented a loading phase (20 g/d for 5-7 days) into the supplementation protocol [30–33]. A loading phase was not used in the current study, so it may be possible that muscle PCr levels were not increased enough to aid in improving TWD. Conclusion In conclusion, the current study supports previous evidence that HIIT is an efficient way to induce cardiorespiratory improvements [7, 12, 23–26]. However, although Cr supplementation has been shown to improve

intense exercise [54, 55], no apparent benefits were observed in the present study. Furthermore, while improvements in VT were observed following Cr supplementation, ADP ribosylation factor it did not lead to an increase in TWD. A Cr loading phase followed by a maintenance phase might improve HIIT more than the low-dose supplementation used in the current study. However,

Jager et al. found improvements in interval exercise performance using a similar dose of creatine citrate (5 g/day for 28 days) [56]. Due to the possibility that any benefits of low-dose creatine supplementation were masked by the effectiveness of HIIT alone, a longer training period may be implemented in future studies to determine whether low-dose Cr supplementation will induce further improvements when results from training begin to plateau. References 1. Coyle EF: Integration of the physiological factors determining endurance performance ability. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 1995.,23(25–63): 2. Hawley JA: Adaptations of skeletal muscle to prolonged, intense endurance training. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2002,29(3):218–22.CrossRefPubMed 3. Holloszy JO, Coyle EF: Adaptations of skeletal muscle to endurance exercise and their metabolic consequences. J Appl Physiol 1984,56(4):831–8.PubMed 4. Burgomaster KA, Hughes SC, Heigenhauser GJ, Bradwell SN, Gibala MJ: Six sessions of sprint interval training increases muscle oxidative potential and cycle endurance capacity in humans. J Appl Physiol 2005,98(6):1985–90.CrossRefPubMed 5.