Finally, we show that this preparation is potentially suitable for the study of C-fiber behavior in models of neuropathies and nerve lesions,

both under resting conditions and in response to drug administration. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Previous research has suggested that emotion regulation improves with age. This study examined both age and individual differences in online emotion regulation after a negative mood induction. We found evidence that older adults were more likely to rapidly regulate their emotions than Selleck Y-27632 were younger adults. Moreover, older adults who rapidly regulated had lower trait anxiety and depressive symptoms and higher levels of optimism than their same-age peers who did not rapidly regulate. Measuring mood change over an extended

time revealed that older rapid regulators still reported increased levels of positive affect over 20 min later, whereas young adult rapid regulators’ moods had declined. These results highlight the importance of considering individual differences when examining age differences in online emotion regulation.”
“Microneurography has provided valuable data on single-fiber characteristics in healthy volunteers and patients, featuring a unique setting that allows linking selleck chemicals llc discharge of single fibers to percept. This advantage is of particular value, when pain patients are examined. Latest results on specific changes of axonal excitability differentially expressed in various C-fiber classes have incited studies linking axonal excitability changes to the mechanism of chronic pain. These studies are mainly based on investigating patients rather than establishing animal models and have led to specific questions on the molecular mechanisms underlying axonal excitability changes. However,

pharmacological interventions are limited in human microneurography and therefore an animal model is required. Ideally, the distribution of fiber classes and their sensory and axonal characteristics should be comparable to human. Here we report on corresponding C-fiber classes between human and pig. Nociceptive and non-nociceptive fiber classes found in pig correlate with human fiber classes, in both PIK3C2G distribution and axonal excitability changes. It is suggested that the pig is an attractive model for studying modulation of excitability in nociceptive and non-nociceptive C-fiber classes that correspond to those in man. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Family caregivers of older adults experience high levels of chronic stress and psychological distress, which are known to impair cognition. Very little research, however, has assessed the impact of caregiving on key cognitive outcomes such as learning and memory. This study compared 16 spouse caregivers with 16 matched controls using standardized neuropsychological measures of learning, episodic memory, and working memory.