During foliation, the shoot continued to elongate to selleck kinase inhibitor 10 cm in the intermediate stage (Fig. 1Bb), and grew to 18 cm in the open leaf stage (Fig. 1Bc). The main root did not elongate, but the fine roots grew out sideways during foliation (Fig. 1Bb and Bc). Before foliation, the total ginsenoside content in the closed leaves was the lowest among the different leaf stages (10.9 mg/g dry weight). As shown in Fig. 2B, the total ginsenoside content during foliation increased rapidly (by 3 times) from the closed to the intermediate stage (30.8 mg/g dry weight),

and then slowly (by 1.2 times) from the intermediate to the opened stage (38.3 mg/g). All individual ginsenosides, with the exception of the ginsenoside Rb1, increased three to four times from the closed to the intermediate leaf stage (Fig. 2C). In contrast, as shown in Fig. 3A and C, the total ginsenoside content in the main root (12.3–12.5 mg/g) and the fine root (18–20.1 mg/g) did not significantly increase from the closed to the intermediate stage. After the leaf opened, the total ginsenoside contents decreased by about 0.7 times in both the main root (7.5 mg/g) and the fine root (15.1 mg/g). The ratio of PPD-type ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd) to PPT-type ginsenosides (Rg1, Re, and Rh1) changed during foliation (Table 1). In the transition from the closed to the intermediate stage, this ratio increased selleck chemicals in the main

and fine roots. In particular, PPT-type ginsenosides such as Rg1 and Re decreased, while PPD-type ginsenosides increased in the main and

fine roots of plants in the intermediate leaf stage, with the exception of the PPT-type ginsenoside Rh1. Interestingly, the PPD/PPT ratio decreased in the fine roots after foliation. The levels of the ginsenosides Rg1 and Re increased by 1.2 and 2 times, respectively, while all other ginsenoside levels decreased. The ratios of the main ginsenosides Rb1, Re, and Rg1 also changed in different organs during foliation (Table 1). In leaves, the percentage of the ginsenosides Re and Rb1 decreased, although their absolute contents increased during foliation. However, the percentage of Rg1 among the total ginsenosides increased. In the main roots, the ratio of Re to the total ginsenosides decreased during foliation, while Depsipeptide the ratio of Rb1 to the total ginsenosides increased. The fine roots showed a similar ginsenoside pattern to that of the main roots in the closed and the intermediate stage, but showed a different pattern in the opened leaf stage. The ratios of the PPT-type ginsenosides Re and Rg1 to the total ginsenoside content increased. As shown in Fig. 4D, ginsenoside is biosynthesized in ginseng by the mevalonic acid pathway. To investigate ginsenoside biosynthesis, we conducted a real-time polymerase chain reaction to analyze the expression of squalene synthase (PgSS), squalene epoxidase (PgSE), and dammarenediol synthase (PgDDS) genes in leaves during foliation. Expression of PgSS and PgSE increased about 1.