Conclusions: The role, indications and extent of lymphadenectomy remain controversial. Extended lymph node dissection should be performed in all patients at high risk to increase staging accuracy and provide a potential survival benefit. Detailed, meticulous dissection of the internal iliac lymph tissue is required. The benefit of extended lymph node dissection in patients KU55933 nmr at low risk remains to be determined.”
“The opioid peptide nociceptin (orphanin

FQ) suppresses drug reward, drug self-administration, and impedes some of the processes believed to underlie the transition to addiction. As virtually all previous studies have used administration of nociceptin receptor agonists to evaluate the role of nociceptin on addiction-like behavior, the current study used a pharmacological (nociceptin receptor antagonist) and genetic (nociceptin receptor knockout mice) approach to elucidate the role of endogenous nociceptin. The nociceptin receptor antagonist EPZ-6438 in vivo UFP-101 induced a modest place preference, and enhanced the conditioned place preference induced by methamphetamine. In agreement with this, nociceptin receptor knockout mice had slightly enhanced methamphetamine and ethanol conditioned place preferences compared to wild-type mice. This effect did

not appear to depend on differences in learning ability, as nociceptin receptor knockout mice had slightly weaker-conditioned place aversions to lithium chloride, the kappa-opioid receptor agonist, U50488H, and the general opiate antagonist, naloxone. The development of behavioral sensitization Histamine H2 receptor to methamphetamine was lower in nociceptin receptor knockout mice, and attenuated by UFP-101 administration to wild-type mice. Additionally, ethanol consumption and preference in a

two-bottle choice test was lower in nociceptin receptor knockout mice, though ethanol-stimulated locomotion was stronger. Whereas the rewarding effect of methamphetamine and ethanol following chronic treatment, as measured by place conditioning, strengthened in wild-type mice, this effect was absent in nociceptin receptor knockout mice. These results suggest that endogenous N/OFQ suppresses basal and drug-stimulated increases in hedonic state, and plays either a permissive or facilitatory role in the development of addiction.”
“Purpose: We reviewed the pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevalence, prevention and treatment of bone loss in patients with nonmetastatic prostate cancer receiving androgen deprivation therapy.

Materials and Methods: Using PubMed (R) we performed a comprehensive literature search to identify articles on bone mineral density loss in patients with nonmetastatic prostate cancer receiving androgen deprivation therapy. Pertinent articles were reviewed and evaluated.

Results: Bone mineral density loss and related fractures were recently established as significant adverse events associated with androgen deprivation therapy.