Basic demographic data was collected for each patient using a standard questionnaire. Patients were offered HIV-testing, and for those consenting HIV-testing was performed. RD 105 polymorphism Genomic selleck chemicals llc deletion of region of difference RD105 (deleted in Beijing lineage) was analysed by PCR using primer sets as previously described [22] and the PCR products
were analysed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Spoligotyping Standard spoligotyping [3] was performed generally as described by Kamerbeek and colleagues using a commercially available kit (Isogen Life Science B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands). Spoligotyping results were analysed with the BioNumerics Software ver. 5.01 (Applied Maths, Kortrijk, Belgium). Database comparison and geographical distribution of spoligotypes CP673451 in vitro Spoligotypes in binary format were entered
in the SITVIT2 database (Pasteur Institute of Guadeloupe), which is an updated version of the previously released SpolDB4 database [5]. In this database, SIT (Spoligotype International Type) designates spoligotyping shared by two or more patient isolates, as opposed to “”orphan”" which designates patterns reported for a single isolate. Major phylogenetic clades were assigned Peptide 17 datasheet according to signatures provided in SpolDB4, which defined 62 genetic lineages/sub-lineages [5]. These include specific signatures for various MTC members such as M. bovis, M. caprae, M. microti, M. canettii, M. pinnipedii, and M. africanum, as well as rules defining
major lineages/sub-lineages for M. tuberculosis sensu stricto; these include the Beijing clade, the CAS clade and 2 sublineages, the EAI clade and 9 sublineages, the H clade and 3 sublineages, the LAM clade and 12 sublineages, the ancestral “”Manu”" lineage and 3 sublineages, the S clade, the IS6110-low-banding X clade and 3 sublineages, click here and an ill-defined T clade with 5 sublineages (as well as further well-characterized phylogeographical specificity for 8 additional spoligotype signatures). At the time of the present study, SITVIT2 contained more than 3000 SITs with global genotyping information on about 73,000 MTC clinical isolates from 160 countries of origin. Worldwide distribution of predominant spoligotypes found in this study (SITs representing 8 or more strains) was further investigated using the SITVIT2 database, and was recorded for regions representing ≥5% of a given SIT as compared to their total number in the SITVIT2 database. The various macro-geographical regions and sub-regions were defined according to the specifications of the United Nations [23]. More specifically, we also studied a countrywide distribution, recorded only for countries with ≥5% of a given SIT as compared to its total number in the database (3 letter country codes were according to [24]).