As I have discussed above, this requires the brain to estimate its uncertainty and the ability of sensory cues to reduce that uncertainty. The processes involved in this selection include building internal models of external events, guiding behavior based on curiosity and exploration, and generating (and controlling) emotional biases in information processing. Some of these processes have been studied in behavioral paradigms and, by recognizing their tight links with selective attention we can use the oculomotor system to gain insight into

their cellular substrates. I am deeply indebted to Peter Dayan and Mary Hayhoe for their detailed comments on several rounds of this manuscript, find more selleck chemicals llc and to Eric Kandel and Tom Albright for their guidance in the final stages of its preparation. I also thank members of my laboratory, in particular Nicholas Foley, Himanshu Mhatre, and Adrien Baranes

for their comments on several versions of this paper. Work from my own laboratory that is described in this research was supported by The National Eye Institute, The National Institute of Mental Health, The National Institute for Drug Abuse, The Keck Foundation, the McKnight Fund for Neuroscience, The Klingenstein Fund for Neuroscience, the Sloan Foundation, the National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression, and the Gatsby Charitable Foundation. “
“Monitoring neuronal activity is critical for our understanding of both normal brain function and pathological mechanisms of brain disorders. Lormetazepam Because neuronal activity is tightly coupled to intracellular calcium dynamics, calcium imaging has proven invaluable for probing the activities of neuronal somata, processes, and synapses both in vitro and in vivo (Andermann et al., 2011; Chen et al., 2011; Kerr and Denk, 2008; Yasuda et al.,

2004). Compared to multielectrode recording approaches, calcium imaging has the advantages of detecting activity in large or disperse populations of neurons simultaneously over extended periods of time with little or no mechanical disturbance to brain tissues. Synthetic calcium dyes have been widely used to monitor intracellular calcium dynamics in cultured neurons, brain slices, as well as in the intact brain (Chen et al., 2011; Dombeck et al., 2007; Kerr and Denk, 2008; Marshel et al., 2011; Rothschild et al., 2010; Yasuda et al., 2004). However, loading calcium dyes into specific neuronal populations is technically challenging. It is difficult, if not impossible, to image activities of the same neuronal populations repeatedly over extended periods of time. Genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) overcome these difficulties, permitting chronic imaging of calcium dynamics within specific cell types.