After fixation with 2% paraformaldehyde, cells were stained with horseradish peroxidase [HRP]–goat anti-mouse secondary antibody for 1 hour and developed using 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine liquid substrate for 15 minutes. Endpoint absorbance measurements were taken at 450 nm using a Synergy 2 plate reader (BioTek Instruments, Inc., Winooski, VT). The rate of internalization Enzalutamide chemical structure of the TacCterm chimeras was expressed as a percentage of the decrease in the initial surface binding at 4°C. The background of HEK293T cells

transfected with empty vector was subtracted from each absorbance measurement. All experiments were performed in quadruplicate and repeated at least three times. Surface biotinylation of BSEP was performed as described, with some modifications.30, 31 HEK293T cells were grown on poly-lysine–coated 6-well plates and

transiently transfected using LipofectAMINE 2000 reagent for 48 hours. Cells were cooled to 4°C and washed three times with PBS (Ca2+, Mg2+). The plasma membrane proteins were biotinylated in PBS buffer containing 1 mg/mL sulfo-NHS-SS-biotin Vismodegib (Pierce, Rockford, IL) for 1 hour. After biotinylation, cells were washed with quenching buffer (100 mM glycine in PBS buffer) to remove excess free biotin and then washed twice with PBS. The cells were either lysed immediately with M-PER Mammalian Reagent (Thermo Scientific, Rockford, IL) containing protease inhibitor cocktail or warmed to 37°C and incubated for 0, 2.5, 5, 10, or 20 minutes to allow for endocytosis. After 20 minutes the cells were quickly cooled to 4°C, and the biotinylated protein remaining at the cell surface was stripped with three 10-minute washes in sodium 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate (MESNA) stripping buffer (50 mM 2-mercaptoethanesulfonic acid, 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 0.2% BSA,

and 20 mM Tris, pH 8.6). Excess MESNA was removed with three 5-minute washes in iodoacetamide buffer (50 mM iodoacetamide in PBS). Equal amount of protein in the cell lysates was incubated 上海皓元 overnight at 4°C with streptavidin agarose resin (Thermo Scientific). Biotinylated proteins were eluted in 2X sodium dedecyl sulfate (SDS) buffer, resolved by SDS-polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), transferred to nitrocellulose membrane, and immunoblotted with anti-green fluorescent protein (GFP) antibody (Clontech, Mountain View, CA). A sequence alignment of the C-terminal cytoplasmic tail of BSEP from 10 different species showed the presence of highly conserved consensus Tyr- and Leu-based endocytic sorting signals (Fig. 1A). The C-terminal cytoplasmic tail encompassing residues 1284-1321 contains a putative leucine-based signal (Leu1298-Met) and a tyrosine-based signal (Tyr1310-Try-Lys-Leu-Val).