5 m from the

first start gate. Individual sprint times of all 44 sprints of the LIST were recorded and the mean sprint time from each section was calculated. The RSA test was comprised of four straight-line 20 m sprints, separated by 20 sec of active recovery. During the active recovery, participants were given verbal encouragement to jog back to the start Peptide 17 order line within ~ 10-12 sec. On return to the start line, participants were instructed to prepare for the next sprint. Following a three second countdown, participants were given the ‘go’ command, which instructed them to initiate the sprint. A hand-held stopwatch was used to monitor recovery time. From each RSA test, the fastest and mean 20 m sprint times were recorded. During the RSA test of the warm-up, sprint times were recorded and within-subject coefficient of variation was derived from six participants.

The coefficient AZD6244 research buy of variation for both the fastest time and mean time was 1.2%. Blood sampling and analysis Blood glucose was measured to examine any potential metabolic effects of CMR. A capillary blood buy JNJ-64619178 sample was taken at baseline and during each 3 min recovery period of the LIST. Blood samples were obtained in EDTA prepared tubes (Microvette 5000, Sarstedt, Leicestershire) and placed in ice. Following completion of the trial, blood samples were analysed in duplicate using an automated analyser (YSI 2300 Stat Plus, YSI, Yellow Springs, Ohio). The coefficient of variation for 10 replicates for blood glucose was 3.2%. Psychological scales

As a tertiary measure we performed a series of psychological inventory throughout the trial to assess the effects of CMR on the participant’s subjective experiences. The perceived activation scale (FAS) was used to assess the participant’s perceived arousal [17]. The FAS is a six-point measure ranging from 1 (low arousal) to 6 (high arousal). Backhouse et al. [18] reported the FAS as a valid measure when examining supplementation interventions. The feeling scale (FS) was used to measure the dimension of pleasure-displeasure [19]. The FS is an 11 point scale which ranges from -5 to +5. Anchors are placed at 0 (neutral) and Bumetanide at odd integers, ranging from +5 (very good) to -5 (very bad) [20]. The FS and FAS were administered at rest and immediately after each section of the LIST (Figure 1). The participant’s ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were obtained using the Ratings of Perceived Exertion Scale [21]. The Ratings of Perceived Exertion Scale was administered immediately following each section of the LIST (Figure 1). Statistical analysis Data were analysed using a two-way repeated measures ANOVA. If sphericity was violated, a Greenhouse-Geisser correction was applied for epsilon < 0.