0 g) were suspended in deionised water (1:5 w/v), mixed with thermostable α-amylase from Bacillus licheniformis (EC 3.2.1.1., 200 μl, 3000 U/ml, Megazyme, Ireland) and incubated in a water bath (SalvisLab, Schweiz, Switzerland) for 1 h at 100 °C with occasional shaking. The suspension was cooled down to room temperature, mixed with amyloglucosidase from Aspergillus niger (EC 3.2.1.3, 800 μl, 3300 U/ml, Megazyme, Ireland) and protease from B. licheniformis (EC 3.4.21.14, PLX-4720 price 400 μl, 350 tyrosine U/ml, Megazyme, Ireland) and incubated in a shaking water bath at 40 °C for 16 h. The suspension was centrifuged in

a Kokusan H-2000A2 centrifuge (15,000g, 4 °C, 25 min). The supernatant NLG919 was mixed with lichenase from Bacillus subtilis (EC 3.2.1.73, 100 μl, 1000 U/ml, Megazyme,

Ireland) and incubated for 2 h at 40 °C in a shaking water bath. The WE-AX present in the supernatant were precipitated with 96% ethanol (1:4 v/v) overnight at 6 °C, centrifuged (4500g, 20 min) in a Sigma 4–15 centrifuge (Sigma, Laborzentrifugen, Osterode, Germany) and freeze-dried. The contents of AX in WE and WU fractions of rye flours and breads were estimated by the method of Englyst and Cummings (1984), which was modified as described above, using duplicates of 200 mg sample. The ethanol precipitated WE-AX and WU-AX in the pellet were hydrolysed in 1 M sulfuric acid (100 °C, 2 h). The monosaccharides were derivatized to alditol acetates and quantified on a capillary column (DB-23, 30 m, 0.25 mm i.d., 0.25 μm film thickness; Agilent J & W) in an Agilent gas chromatograph (Agilent 7890A Series GC Custom) equipped with an autosampler (Agilent 7693A), a splitter injection port (split ratio 1:20) and a flame ionisation detector. The injector port and detector were heated at 230

and 250 °C, respectively. Hydrogen was used as a carrier gas. Phosphoprotein phosphatase The column was held at 180 °C for 2 min, ramped from 180 to 220 °C at 5 °C/min and held at 220 °C for 10 min. Meso-erythritol (Sigma–Aldrich) was used as an internal standard. The arabinose content obtained from monosaccharide analysis was corrected for that present in arabinogalactan, assuming its arabinose to galactose ratio of 0.7 ( Van den Bulck et al., 2005). AX content was calculated as 0.88 times the sum of corrected arabinose and xylose contents. The isolated WE-AX fractions were dissolved in ultrapure water (5 mg/ml) for 16 h at 40 °C using a rotary incubator, filtered through 0.45 μm membrane, and injected into a high-performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) system at room temperature. The system consisted of an autosampler, a pump module and two Shodex OH-pack SB HQ 804 and 805 columns (Sowa Denko K.K., Tokyo, Japan). The sample was eluted at 0.7 ml/min with 0.05 M NaNO3 containing 0.02% NaN3.