“
“Direction detectable static magnetic field imaging, which directly distinguishes the up and down direction of static perpendicular magnetic field from a sample surface and the polarity of magnetic charges on the surface, was demonstrated for CoCrPt-SiO(2) perpendicular magnetic recording media based on a frequency-modulated magnetic force microscopy (FM-MFM), which uses a frequency modulation of the cantilever oscillation induced by an alternating force from the tip-sample magnetic interaction. In this study, to generate the alternating force, we used

a NiFe soft magnetic tip driven by the ac magnetic field of a soft ferrite core and imaged click here the direction and the amplitude of the static magnetic field from the recorded bits. This method enables measurement of the static magnetic field near a sample surface, which is masked by short range forces of the surface. The present

method will be effective in analyzing the microscopic magnetic domain structure of hard magnetic samples. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3564944]“
“Intense efforts are currently devoted to improve plant metabolomic analyses so as to describe more accurately the whole picture of metabolic pathways. Analyses based on liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOF) are now widely distributed among plant science laboratories. However, the CH5424802 solubility dmso use of reliable, sensitive LC-TOF methods to identify and quantify micromolar or find more infra-micromolar key metabolites is often impeded by the sensitivity of the technique to sample preparation or chromatographic conditions. Typically, the sample matrix has a substantial influence on ionization efficiency and therefore, on the detectability of such

compounds. Here, we describe a new method to analyze simultaneously 23 nucleotides and cofactors from plant extracts, taking advantage of solid-phase extraction (SPE) prior to injection. The influence of common m/z fragments in several metabolites and adducts is considered. We applied this method to characterise metabolic intermediates of NAD biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana, using a wild-type and an engineered transgenic plant line that produces bacterial quinolinate phosphoribosyl transferase (nadc). We show that sample pre-purification with SPE is strictly required not only for compound quantification and identification but also to allow ionization of matrix-sensitive compounds (e.g. nicotinamide) or alleviate fragmentation of others (e.g. NAD). When exogenous substrate quinolinate was infiltrated into Arabidopsis leaves to increase the natural content in downstream metabolites, a clear correlation between intermediates of NAD biosynthesis was seen, showing the accuracy of our method for quantification in biological samples.