Sudden changes in the external environment can perturb the internal system of the cells, disrupting cellular functions. How organisms respond to these

environmental changes to adapt to their surroundings and avoid cellular damages has been the subject of various research groups [19, 41–44]. Nevertheless, most of those studies evaluated the effects of these environmental oscillations on gene expression, protein synthesis and cell phenotype [19, 41–44], with only a few reporting the effects of stresses on the mechanism of pre-mRNA splicing [1, 45]. This work describes for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, inhibition of splicing in vivo as an effect of cadmium treatment. The first evidence indicating this new effect of cadmium in B. emersonii cells was the observation of an enrichment of iESTs in the sequencing of the VX-689 price stress cDNA libraries. From 6,350 ESTs obtained through the sequencing of stress libraries, 2.9% correspond to iESTs, while in the sequencing of B. emersonii

cDNA libraries, not submitted to environmental stresses, the percentage of iESTs was only 0.2%. Two cDNA libraries were constructed from cells submitted to different cadmium concentrations and we observed that the higher the cadmium concentration the more iESTs were observed (4.3% of all ESTs sequenced from CDC library (100 μM CdCl2) corresponded to iESTs while in CDM library (50 μM CdCl2) this percentage was only 2.7%. Besides cadmium Ribonucleotide reductase libraries, https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ganetespib-sta-9090.html one cDNA library was constructed from cells submitted to heat shock in a moderate temperature (38°C) and even in this library

we detected an enrichment of iESTs (1.1%). This observation is quite interesting since inhibition of splicing by thermal stress was already observed in B. emersonii, but only at GSK1120212 lethal temperatures (42°C) [13]. These data indicate that intron splicing is affected in B. emersonii cells maintained at 38°C, but the effect observed in the splicing process is not so severe as the one detected in cells exposed to heat shock at 42°C [13] or cadmium treatment. Sequencing of iESTs reported here provides considerable new information about B. emersonii intron structure and sequence, as only nine genes with their introns sequenced and deposited in GenBank database have been previously described in B. emersonii [13, 26–33]. Thus, the present study contributes significantly to the knowledge about gene organization in this fungus. Among the 85 genes whose corresponding mRNAs retained introns in the stress cDNA libraries, a total of 22% of them presented two or three introns. Fungal genes are commonly interrupted by few and small introns in comparison with metazoan genes. Intron density ranges from five to six per gene in basidiomycetes as Cryptococcus neoformans [46], from one to two per gene in recently sequenced ascomycetes as Neurospora crassa and Magnaporthe grisea [47, 48], and less than 300 introns present in the entire S.