4). The spectra acquired with 100 (not shown) and 250 μg/mL lipid contents, to check for further Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor binding, showed a slight increase in the helical content (fH), which for the four peptides is favored in the presence of anionic environments such as an 8 mM SDS solution

or asolectin vesicles as already observed with EMP-AF ( dos Santos Cabrera et al., 2004), eumenitin ( Konno et al., 2006) and decoralin ( Konno et al., 2007). These findings indicate that these helical peptides may present an amphipatic structure as determined for EMP-AF ( Sforça et al., 2004) and mastoparans ( Wakamatsu et al., 1992, Chuang et al., 1996, Hori et al., 2001 and Todokoro et al., 2006). The novel wasp venom peptides, at concentrations of 0.5–2 μM, induced an ion channel-like incorporation in lipid bilayers formed from the GUVs of asolectin (Fig. 5 and Fig. 6) under positive and negative voltage pulses, using a 150 mM HCl solution, LY2109761 clinical trial within a 10 min incubation time. At peptide concentrations higher than 2 μM, the great number of incorporated channels (over 10) induced a breakdown of the lipid bilayers 2–3 s after applying our standard initial Vhold of −100 mV. The unitary channel conductances were determined at Vhold of +100 and −100 mV (see Table 2). Different levels were detected in

different peptide sequences ( Fig. 5 and Fig. 6), and only eumenitin-F and -R formed pores with conductances higher than 500 pS. From that we can assume that clusters can be formed and several units of the peptides organize to form bigger pores. Rectification was detected only in the eumenitin-F channels. Similar ion-channel like activity was found with other peptides from solitary and social wasp venoms, as anoplin ( dos Santos Cabrera et al., 2008), eumenitin ( Arcisio-Miranda et al., 2008) and HR-1 mafosfamide ( dos Santos Cabrera et al., 2009), as discussed below. The mast cell degranulation, hemolysis, antimicrobial and antiprotozoan (leishmanicidal) activities

were tested because these are characteristic biological activities for these types of peptide. The peptide eumenitin-R was the most efficient in the antimicrobial assay, presenting the lowest MIC values against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains. Furthermore, all the peptides had more potent activities against the yeast C. albicans ( Table 3). The four peptides described here showed an antimicrobial activity at very similar doses when compared to eumenitin ( Konno et al., 2006). The solitary wasp peptides presented low to moderate hemolytic activities against mice erythrocytes in a dose-dependent manner (Fig. 7). A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the log EC50 (50% effective concentration) followed by the Newman–Keuls multiple comparison test indicated that EMP-ER and EMP-EF were more effective than eumenitin-R and eumenitin-F in this assay, presenting lower EC50 values (see Table 4 for EC50 values).