We consecutively recruited 63 patients: 53 with wet AMD and 10 with ERM or MH. Of the wet AMD patients, 23 were excluded because of either higher omega-3 content in their diets, other anti-VEGF treatments, or new submacular hemorrhage. Of the 30 patients recruited with wet AMD, 8 were excluded from statistical analysis (1 from group 1, 4 from group 2, and 3 from group 3) because they either had retinal angiomatous proliferation or a large fibrotic component (more than 50%) of the choroidal neovascularization. Two of 10 patients with ERM Selleck PI3K inhibitor or MH from group 4 also were excluded

because they were found to have diabetes and mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy. A total of 22 patients with wet AMD (9 in group 1, 6 in group 2, and 7 in group 3) and 8 control patients were included for VEGF-A analysis (Figure 1). The primary outcome was vitreous VEGF-A levels, and secondary outcomes were plasma VEGF-A levels and central foveal thickness (CFT) measures. Vitreous and plasma VEGF-A levels were collected at the time of anti-VEGF treatment. At enrollment, we collected data on age, gender, number of previous anti-VEGF injections, time

from last anti-VEGF injection, and Snellen visual acuity (converted to logMAR for statistical analysis; Table). The anti-VEGF treatment regimen consisted of 3 loading doses followed by pro re nata injections based on disease activity measured monthly by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (Cirrus, Carl Zeiss Meditec, Toronto, Canada). Fluorescein angiography also was performed on all patients with wet AMD on the day Alpelisib order of the anti-VEGF injection (when vitreous biopsy and blood samples were collected). After the surgical field was sterilized 17-DMAG (Alvespimycin) HCl using 5% povidone–iodine, patients were draped in a standard manner with placement of a lid speculum. A 27-gauge self-retaining infusion line (Insight Instruments, Stuart, Florida, USA) of balanced salt solution was placed first, followed by the placement

of a 29-gauge trocar with a chandelier light connected to a mercury vapor light source (Synergetics, O’Fallon, Missouri, USA). The surgical view during the procedure was provided through a surgical operative microscope and a Volk contact lens (Volk direct image ×1.5 magnifying disposable vitrectomy lens; Volk Optical, Mentor, Ohio, USA). The vitreous biopsy was performed using a 23-gauge sutureless Retrector system (Insight Instruments) in all patients. The model used in the study is a portable, battery-powered system with a maximum cut rate of 600 cpm (cuts per minute) and features a retractable sheathed guillotine 25-gauge cutter with an in-built needle (23 gauge). The needle was introduced bevel down through displaced conjunctiva in an oblique 1-plane tunnel into the vitreous cavity 3 to 4 mm from the limbus. At least 0.