FITC-labeled annexin A5 and FITC-labeled A5MB were added to cell suspensions. The reaction was incubated in the dark for 20 minutes at room temperature and the cells were washed 2 times with PBS.

Samples were placed on a tube and immediately analyzed on a FACS Calibur (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) to generate histograms of green fluorescence intensity. in vivo experiments Doxorubicin cardiotoxicity model Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 247 ± 6 g were purchased from Harlan and maintained under standard conditions at an animal care facility. The rats had free access to standard rodent chow and water. After rats received subcutaneous buprenorphine (0.05 mg/kg; Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Hanlim Pharm., Seoul, Korea) to provide analgesia, doxorubicin (Dong-A Pharm., Seoul, Korea) 5 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally. This treatment was repeated weekly for 3 weeks, resulting in a total cumulative dose of 15 mg/kg per animal (n = 5). Control rats were injected with the same volume of buprenorphine and physiological saline instead of doxorubicin (n Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical = 5). All the experiments were performed according to the “Revised Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals Available”.15) Contrast echocardiography using microbubbles Rats were sedated with zoletil (50 mg/kg) and xylazine (5 mg/kg), which was administered intraperitoneally. Once sedated,

the femoral vein was cannulated for microbubble administration. Imaging was performed at Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical 14 MHz with a linear-array transducer interfaced with an ultrasound system (Vivid 7, GE Vingmed Ultrasound, Horten, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Norway). Images were acquired in a parasternal short axis view with the transducer fixed in position with a free-standing clamp. Before microbubble injection, baseline images were acquired. Gain settings, depth, and focus were initially optimized and maintained throughout the experiment. Ultrasound transmission was then suspended, and 4 × 106 A5MB were injected as an intravenous bolus. Preliminary studies demonstrated that a bolus of 4 × 106 microbubbles resulted in visually strong,

reproducible opacification Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of rat myocardium and the myocardial contrast was no longer detectable by 15 minutes after injection. Based Calpain on these observations, myocardial backscatter at 15 minutes should derive www.selleckchem.com/products/purmorphamine.html predominantly from adherent microbubbles and less so from the few remaining circulating microbubbles. Immediately after contrast injection, a very high concentration of freely circulating microbubbles in the blood pool was expected. Therefore, imaging was not resumed until 15 min after injection for retention of microbubbles in apoptotic tissue and clearance of freely circulating microbubbles in the blood pool. Intermittent electrocardiography-triggering imaging (mechanical index of 0.8) was then initiated at a pulse interval of 1 cardiac cycle for several frames. Contrast opacification of myocardium in the 1st frame was considered as the signal coming from the adhered microbubbles.