4A) With the increased washing of calvarial pieces, we found tha

4A). With the increased washing of calvarial pieces, we found that PTH stimulated OB differentiation in WT POBs (Fig. 4B) and that NS398 had no effect on PTH-stimulated Selleck PS 341 OB differentiation (Fig. 4C). On the assumption that PGE2 might be the PG mediating the inhibitory effects of COX-2, we examined the effects of adding PGE2 to PTH

(Fig. 4D). (We continued to use either Cox-2 KO POBs or treat with NS398 because chronic exposure to PGE2 in the media might down regulate responses to added PGE2.) PTH or PGE2 alone stimulated Alp mRNA in POBs at 14 days of culture, but the combination of PTH and PGE2 had no greater effect than either agent alone, suggesting that some inhibition remained ( Fig. 4D). However, treatment of POBs with PTH, PGE2 and the combination for 15 min had an additive effect on cAMP production ( Fig. 4E), the pathway through which both agents are supposed to produce Erastin clinical trial anabolic effects. Because we had previously observed that the combination of PGE2 and PTH had additive or greater effects on OCL formation in bone marrow cultures [31], we treated cultures with OPG, which interrupts the RANK–RANKL interaction. In the presence of OPG, the combination of PTH and PGE2 had additive effects

on PTH-stimulated Osteocalcin mRNA at 14 days ( Fig. 4F). These data suggest that RANKL-stimulated hematopoietic cells were necessary for suppression of PTH-stimulated OB differentiation. In addition, the data indicate that PGE2 itself was not the factor that acted on POBs to inhibit PTH-stimulated OB differentiation.

The addition of WT BMMs to Cox-2 KO BMSCs blocked the PTH-stimulation of OB differentiation ( Fig. 5A). When Cox-2 KO POBs were co-cultured with BMMs from WT or Cox-2 KO mice, the presence of WT BMMs, but not KO BMMs, prevented the PTH-stimulated increase in OB mineralization ( Fig. 5B). To confirm a role for cells committed to the OC lineage in mediating the Liothyronine Sodium inhibitory effect of PGs, we treated BMSCs with OPG. When OPG was present, PTH stimulated OB differentiation in WT as well as Cox-2 KO BMSCs ( Figs. 5C–E). Although OPG is reported to have direct effects on OB differentiation [39], we did not see effects of OPG alone on OB differentiation. We considered the possibility that OPG might block inhibitory effects by suppressing PG production in these cultures. There was a reduction, not statistically significant, in PTH-stimulated medium PGE2 accumulation in the presence of OPG from 7.3 ± 0.4 to 4.4 ± 1.6 nM, which, as will be discussed below, should not have prevented the inhibitory effects. These results are consistent with the previous data suggesting that the cells mediating the inhibition of PTH-stimulated OB differentiation are committed to the OC lineage. Although OBs are generally assumed to be the major source of PGs in bone, these co-culture results suggested that WT BMMs produced sufficient PGs to mediate the inhibitory effects.

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