Briefly, rIL-5 was incubated in flat bottom 96-well plates with 2

Briefly, rIL-5 was incubated in flat bottom 96-well plates with 2 × 104 BCL1 cells

(a B cell lymphoma line) per well and incubated for 24 h at 37 °C, 5% CO2. 1 μCi of 3H-thymidine (Hartmann Analytic, Switzerland) was added to each well and the plates incubated for 6 h at 37 °C with 5% CO2. The cells were harvested, washed and the incorporation of thymidine determined by emission-counting with a liquid scintillation counter. Commercial murine IL-5 from R&D systems (cIL-5) was used as a control. To test the neutralizing activity of serum Akt inhibitor from Qβ-IL-5 vaccinated mice, BCL1 cells (2 × 104 per well) were plated in the presence of 20 ng/ml of rIL-5. Pooled sera from Qβ-IL-5 vaccinated or naive mice was titrated with the cells (starting dilution 1/4, titration steps 1/6). After 24 h, 1 μCi of 3H-thymidine was added to the cells, which were incubated for 12 h. The incorporation

of thymidine was determined by emission-counting with a liquid scintillation counter. Murine eotaxin was expressed as a fusion protein in a vector modified from pET22b. The fusion protein (r-eotaxin) consisted of the mature form of murine eotaxin, a hexa-histidine tag and a cysteine containing linker (GGC) at its C-terminus. Expression of r-eotaxin in E. coli BL21 (DE3) was induced with 1 mM IPTG. The soluble fraction of bacterial lysate containing r-eotaxin was mixed with Ni-NTA agarose (Qiagen) in 300 mM NaCl, 50 mM NaH2PO4, 0.5% tween 20 and 20 mM imidazole (pH 8). After washing away unbound contaminants, r-eotaxin was eluted with 300 mM NaCl, 50 mM NaCl, tween 20 and 250 mM imidazole (pH 8). Semi-purified r-eotaxin was loaded onto a ABT-263 supplier SP sepharose column (Amersham) in buffer containing 20 mM Tris, 200 mM NaCl (pH 8). After washing r-eotaxin was eluted with an increasing salt gradient (20 mM Tris, 1 M NaCl, pH 8.0). VLPs derived from the bacteriophage Qβ were expressed already in E. coli containing a expression plasmid pQ10 and purified as described previously [28]. In order to be coupled to IL-5, Qβ VLPs were first derivatized with 10-fold excess of a heterobifunctional chemical cross-liker, succinimidyl-6-(β-maleimidopropionamido) hexanoate

(SMPH). The unbound SMPH was removed by dialysis against PBS. rIL-5 was reduced for 1 h with an equimolar amount of tri (2-carboxyethyl) phosphine hydrochloride (TCEP) in PBS (pH 8.0). Reduced rIL-5 (80 μM) was incubated for 4 h at 22 °C with 40 μM of SMPH derivatized Qβ (dQβ). The reaction was dialysed 12 h against PBS pH 8.0. A slightly different protocol was used to couple r-eotaxin to Qβ⋅ Qβ VLPs were derivatized with a 2.3-fold molar excess of SMPH. A 1.2–1 molar ratio of TCEP to protein was used to reduce r-eotaxin. Reduced r-eotaxin (20 μM) was incubated for 1 h at room temperature with 24 μM of dQβ. The coupling products (Qβ-IL-5 and Qβ-Eot) were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot with anti-His and anti-Qβ antibodies. Protein concentration was measured by Bradford. The coupling efficiencies (i.e.

The animals

were maintained with standard pellet feed (Sa

The animals

were maintained with standard pellet feed (Sai Durga Feeds and Foods, Bangalore, India) and water ad libitum. Seventy-five healthy male albino rats were selected and divided into five groups containing 15 rats each and treated as follows: Group-I received Distilled water as normal vehicle (DW) (10 ml/kg body weight) Distilled water, Non-herbal suspension (NHS), HOCS-I, HOCS-II and HOCS-III were administered intragastric (i.g.) route on consecutive days for 55 days. RNA Synthesis inhibitor At the end of the experimental period, five animals from both controls and experimental groups were given anesthesia under mild sodium pentobarbital 24 h after the last dose and 18 h after fasting. The testis, cauda epididymal ducts and seminal vesicles were dissected out, trimmed off from adherent fats and weighed and recorded to the nearest selleck chemicals llc milligram on a digital balance. Sperm from cauda epididymal ducts

were released in Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) media and used for spermatological studies. Testis, epididymis, seminal vesicles and ventral prostate gland were weighted to the nearest milligrams. Sperm morphology was observed adopting Papanicolaou staining. The staining solutions were prepared according to Raphael.5 The cauda epididymal duct was uncoiled and knotted with nylon thread at both the ends of a 1 cm length. One end was cut to release the contents into 0.1 ml of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Sperm counts were made according to Gopalakrishnan.6 The results obtained were subjected to calculation of standard deviation (SD), and test of significance (‘t’ test). The means and standard deviation were calculated

where appropriate. Statistical differences were determined by the ANOVA followed by Dunnet’s test and the found level of significance set at p < 0.05. In many cases results were calculated as percentage of relevant control values (as the control values could vary between cell preparations and between experiments) to make understanding of the results easier. Table 1 shows the comparison of effects among the untreated (vehicle control) groups with the suspensions treated groups of rats. The results of this study revealed a significant (p < 0.05) reductions in the weights of the testis, epididymis and seminal vesicle in extracts-treated rats when compared with vehicle control. The percentage decrease in weight of testis, caput epidimidis, cauda epidimidis, seminal vesicle and Ventral prostate for HOCS-M-I (group-III) 41.42, 27.97, 21.74, 21.55 and 26.37% respectively; for HOCS-M-II (group-IV) 37.14, 20.46, 18.29, 14.64 and 19.12% respectively; and HOCS-M-III (group-V) 48.92, 35.22, 23.92, 24.33 and 35.93% respectively at a tested dose. In the vehicle control (Group-II) rat, 94.1% of spermatozoa possess normal morphology. But, in the treated rat; 13.2% of group-III (HOCS-M-I), 46.5% of group-IV (HOCS-M-II) and 8.

32 (95% CI: 1 01, 1 72) This feature requires further investigat

32 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.72). This feature requires further investigation as it has

check details rarely been addressed and generally is combined with other crossing features (de Vries et al., 2010). Several other studies have also reported a positive relationship between intersections and walking, either alone or when combined with low traffic volume (Giles-Corti et al., 2011, Greene and Daniel, 2009, Kerr et al., 2006, Schlossberg et al., 2006 and Trapp et al., 2012). Null results were found for several design and land use diversity features and observed walking. Although higher road classification (Greene and Daniel, 2009, Panter et al., 2010 and Timperio et al., 2006), traffic volume (Giles-Corti et al., 2011, Kweon et al., 2006, Salmon et al., 2007 and Trapp et al., 2012) and speed (Kweon et al., 2006 and McMillan,

2007) have been associated with less reported walking, other studies using reported outcomes have also reported null results (Bringolf-Isler et al., 2008 and Mitra and Buliung, 2012). No association was found with traffic calming which has been associated with more reported walking (de Vries et al., 2010 and Panter et al., 2010). Parks and recreation facilities were not associated with observed walking; however, positive associations with reported walking have been identified in the literature (Kerr et al., 2007 and Zhu et selleck compound al., 2011). Finally, although some studies have reported similar null results between land use diversity and walking to school (Ewing et al., 2004, Greene and Daniel, 2009, Mitra et al., 2010a, Panter et al., 2010 and Yarlagadda and Srinivasan, 2008), others have

reported positive associations (Kerr et al., 2006, McMillan, 2007 and Rosenberg et al., 2009). MycoClean Mycoplasma Removal Kit Further validation of these relationships is required using observational data. The proportion of children whose primary language was other than English had a strong association with walking. Although several studies have found small independent effects of ethnicity on walking (Kerr et al., 2007, McDonald, 2008 and Schlossberg et al., 2006), there is little research investigating cultural associations with active school transportation. Mixed findings have been reported regarding walking to school and SES (Davison et al., 2008 and Sirard and Slater, 2008). Neither the student level nor the school geographic level SES variables were significant in this analysis. This was an ecological study and individual level information was unavailable. Car ownership and distance to school, two important walking correlates, were not included (DiGuiseppi et al., 1998 and Pont et al., 2009). Distance was unlikely to have had a large influence on results, as children included in the walking proportions likely lived within walking distance of the school, as defined by TDSB transportation policy (TDSB, 2005). Child population density and intersection density (an indicator of route directness) were also included as proxies for distance, similar to other studies (Braza et al.

The virosomal trivalent subunit vaccine was exclusively distribut

The virosomal trivalent subunit vaccine was exclusively distributed in four VAHNSI HSAs (Hospital de Xativa-Ontinyent, Hospital San Juan de Alicante, Hospital General de Elda, and Hospital General de

Alicante), whereas the trivalent split intradermal vaccine was exclusively distributed in five other VAHNSI HSAs (Hospital General de Castellon, Hospital de la Plana, Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, Hospital La Fe, and Hospital Dr Pesset) [14]. Vaccination targeted people 65 and older during the vaccination program (which ran from 1 October 2011 and 30 November 2011) [14]. Individuals were considered immunized if their vaccination record in the Vaccine Information System,

an electronic database that stores vaccination records Doxorubicin molecular weight from both public ABT-263 solubility dmso and private vaccination facilities, indicated administration of vaccine at least 15 days prior to the date of hospitalization. An influenza-related hospitalization case was defined by at least one of the following: (1) a main discharge diagnosis for hospital admission of influenza (ICD-9-CM: 487–488.89), at least 15 days following the date of vaccination, between 1 October 2011 and 31 March 2012, or (2) admissions identified through the VAHNSI scheme between 3 November 2011 and 31 March 2012, at least 15 days following the date of vaccination, and positive for influenza by a real-time PCR assay as previously Edoxaban described [21], or (3) influenza positive specimens from patients hospitalized between 1 October 2011 and 31 March 2012 reported to the RedMIVA [18] and hospitalized at least 15 days following the date of vaccination. We used several VHA information

systems to search socio-demographic and clinical data: (1) the hospital CMBD electronic records, (2) the Population Information System, which provides an identification number for each person under VHA coverage and registers demographic characteristics, as well as dates and causes of VHA discharge, including death, and (3) the pharmaceutical module GAIA which includes information on pharmacy claims. We identified the following variables: age at study entry (1 October 2011), sex, country of birth (coded as Spain or other), the HSA of patient residence, seasonal influenza and pneumococcal vaccination in the previous 3 years, type of VHA coverage, and total number of hospitalizations from 1 October 2010 to 30 June 2012. The presence and severity of chronic medical conditions was ascertained based on pharmacy claims from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2011 for each study subject. In brief, dispensed drugs from any therapeutic class (anatomical therapeutic chemical (ATC) classification) were identified using the GAIA pharmaceutical module.

In contrast, random noise has more flexibility in stimulus durati

In contrast, random noise has more flexibility in stimulus duration, as indefinitely long stimuli can be pre-computed, arbitrary segments of which can be shown during data collection without ZD1839 supplier adversely affecting stimuli statistics. In contrast, Sincich et al. (2009a) found that neither correlated Gaussian nor random white

noise were as effective at driving neurons as luminance flicker that resembled natural scene temporal fluctuations with 1/f properties. Their observations suggest that work using other and currently more common noise techniques could be sampling a limited portion of the neuronal response range. Methodological advances have brought about the possibility of independently stimulating single

retinal photoreceptors for extraordinarily fine-grained control over retinal input to LGN. McMahon et al. (2000) showed that retinothalamic circuitry can be probed in monkeys using a clever laser interferometry technique that bypasses the optics of the eye to form grating stimuli directly on the retina. In a similarly technically impressive effort, Sincich et al. (2009b) were able to reliably evoke activity from macaque LGN cells by stimulating single retinal cone cells using micron-scale spots of light targeted at the LGN CRF center Dolutegravir with a scanning laser stimulus. Although neither study explored the ECRF, both were able to quantify the contribution of each of multiple cones spanning the CRF for a set of example thalamic cells. As the technique of adaptive optics is relatively new, we might well expect to see additional, high-input precision visual mapping results in the near future, as suggested in the recent review by Roorda (2011). Recent technical advances have included progress in analytical methods as well. Fairhall et al. (2012) discuss recent advances in information theory such as Maximally Informative Dimensions (MID). MID allows

for the use of reverse correlation techniques with stimuli other than Gaussian white noise. It also allows for the estimation of feature selectivity click here when natural stimuli are used. Sharpee’s review (Sharpee, 2013) discusses the various models that exist to define the receptive field, specifically for use in conjunction with natural stimuli. The review is a good resource for information on linear models and their expansions, STAs, STCs, MIDs, multidimensional feature selectivity, maximally informative subspace, and maximally informative quadratic models, as well as all of these models’ best suited applications and the assumptions that go along with each.

All the compounds were identified by spectral data In general, m

All the compounds were identified by spectral data. In general, mass spectrum showed the molecular

ion peak, which corresponds to the formula weight of the hydrazones. The elemental analyses of the compounds are in consistence with the molecular formula (Table 1). The electronic spectra of the hydrazones A1–A6 were taken in ethanol (10−3 mol−1). In the UV–Visible spectra of all these compounds the first band appeared around 257 nm was due to the π → π* transitions of the heterocyclic ring and the second one appeared around 350 nm was due to the n → π* transition of the >C]N–group. 8 FT-IR spectra showed the C]O peak around 1660 cm−1, C=N around 1560 cm−1 and the NH stretching vibrations around BMN 673 3064 cm−1. The 1H NMR spectrum showed the hydrazide (NH) protons as a singlet around 12.1 ppm, the imine protons (N]C–H) around 8.3 ppm, methoxy protons around 3.8 ppm and aromatic protons in the range 6.5–8.8. The 13C NMR spectrum showed the C]O signals around 162.5, C]N signals around 150.6 ppm, Idelalisib in vivo OCH3 signals around 55.5 ppm and aromatic carbon in the range 114.7–158.5 ppm. 9 Single crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction study for the hydrazone (A1) was grown from the slow evaporation of an ethanol solution at room

temperature. A pale yellow crystal of (A1) was mounted on a glass fiber and used for data collection. Crystal data was collected using graphite monochromatised Mo-Kα radiation (λ = 0.71073 Å). The structure was solved by direct method using SHELEX-97 and refined by full-matrix least-squares techniques against F2 using SHELEX-97. All the non-hydrogen atoms were refined anisotropically. A summary of pertinent crystal data along with further details of structure determination and refinement are given in Table 2. Selected bond lengths and bond angles are given in Table 3.The hydrazone crystallizes in an orthorhombic, chiral space group pbca. The single crystal

X-ray structure of A1 reveals the presence of two molecules in the unit cell. The C]N azomethine [N(3)–C(7)]-bond length 1.278 (3) Å in A1 has a double bond character. The existence of A1 in keto Endonuclease form in solid state is evident from the [O(1)–C(6)] bond length 1.223 (3) Å and the side chain carbonyl [O(1)-C(6)] show a typical double bond character with bond length 1.223 (3) Å.10 and 11 In this compound, there is also an intermolecular hydrogen bond (Table 4) between the N(2)–H(4) and N(1)′ [N(2)–H(4)…N(1)′, 2.225 Å] and N(2)′–H(5) and N(1) [N(2)′–H(5)…N(1), 2.202 Å], stabilize the crystal structure forming a supramolecular architecture. ORTEP view and unit cell of A1 are given in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 respectively.

However, the chemical constituents and mechanism(s) responsible f

However, the chemical constituents and mechanism(s) responsible for the activity remain to be investigated. The ethanolic extracts of P. acuminata possess antinociceptive activity and the mode of action might involve a peripheral mechanism AZD2014 clinical trial of pain inhibition. This provides a rationale for the use of the plant in painful and inflammatory conditions in folk medicine. Further pharmacological investigation through bioactivity guided phytochemical analysis is required to find out the active

constituents responsible for antinociceptive action. All authors have none to declare. “
“Schizophrenia, characterized by profound disruptions in thinking, and it affects language, perception, and a sense of self is a severe disorder that affects around 24 million people worldwide, and it typically click here begins in late adolescence or early adulthood. Classical

(typical) neuroleptics such as haloperidol are currently used to treat this disease, but their use is associated with severe mechanism-related side effects including the induction of acute extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS).1 Also, these compounds are ineffective against the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Four decades after introduction of clozapine it remains the prototype for atypical antipsychotic drugs.2 Its reintroduction for use in cases of treatment-resistant schizophrenia gave rise to a new group of atypical or non-classical antipsychotics that have no EPS at therapeutic doses and are also effective against schizophrenia’s negative symptoms.3, 4 and 5 Clozapine is associated with serious side effects such as orthostatic hypotension, sedation, sialorrhea (excessive

salivation), constipation, and weight gain.6 and 7 Agonists at 5-HT2A receptor may be used for treatment of sleep disorders and arousal. The utility of many antagonists in the treatment of depression and certain psychotic conditions has already been well explored. The investigation of 5-HT2A antagonists as potential drug-abuse therapeutics is topical in the recent literature.8 and 9 Quetiapine,6, 10 and 11 an atypical antipsychotic agent can successfully treat the cognitive, depressive, and aggressive symptoms in the context of schizophrenia.12 Based on some points related with the metabolism of quetiapine it is thought that if the steric bulk on piperazinyl nitrogen is increased it may give better duration of action and also the dose can be minimized. In our previous studies we have reported the dibenzothiazepine derivatives with substituted piperazine as a substituent at C-11 position.13 In present study we have synthesized ten derivatives with methylene bridge based on docking scores and evaluated for antipsychotic potential. All chemical reagents and solvents were provided from Merck. The general procedures for the synthesis of 11-(4-(substituted benzyl)-piperazin-1-yl dibenzo [b, f] [1, 4] thiazepine (SSP1-10) is illustrated in Scheme 1.

Permissive parenting was associated with higher levels of physica

Permissive parenting was associated with higher levels of physical activity among 10- to 11-year-old BKM120 children. Maternal logistic support was associated with girls’ physical activity, while paternal logistic support was associated with boys’ physical activity. To promote physical activity, public health professionals could encourage parents to increase logistic support for their children’s physical activity. We have no conflicts of interest to declare. We would like to thank all of the children, parents, and schools that participated in this

study. This study was funded by a project grant from the British Heart Foundation (ref PG/06/142). This report is also a research arising from a Career Development Fellowship (to Dr. Jago) supported by the National Institute for Health Research. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors http://www.selleckchem.com/products/chir-99021-ct99021-hcl.html and not necessarily

those of the NHS, the National Institute for Health Research, or the Department of Health. “
“Young children are often negative about smoking: they think it is unhealthy and stinks. This attitude explains why only 2% of the Dutch children aged 10–12 years smoke (STIVORO, 2008). Due to factors like smoking behavior of peers and parents, social pressure to smoke, and non-smoking policies (Bidstrup et al., 2009 and Bernat et al., 2008), this aversion to smoking diminishes rather quickly. It results in 23% smokers among 14-year olds and 44% among 18-year olds (STIVORO, 2008). Gervais et al. (2006) suggest that because a person’s first puff presents the beginning of a rapid process that leads to

symptoms of nicotine dependence and escalating cigarette use. Moreover, adolescents who are stable users of tobacco at the age of 12 show greater weekly cigarette consumption and are more likely to become nicotine-dependent (Riggs et al., 2007). The transition to high school is a period in which students are very vulnerable to factors that lead to smoking (Côté et al., 2004). This emphasizes the importance to prepare 10-to 12-year-old children before they are most apparently facing the temptation to experiment with tobacco. In a review on the efficacy of non-smoking interventions (NHS, 1999), the authors also state that an important addition to present intervention practice would be to start interventions at an earlier age, before attitudes and beliefs about smoking are being formed. Starting an education program in elementary school could therefore be an effective instrument in the prevention of smoking onset in adolescence. Flay (2009) performed a critical review of several reviews on the effects of school programs on prevention of tobacco use. There were some clear directions on what types of programs are most effective.

The interaction analysis for CID44610309, CID44259709, CID1396455

The interaction analysis for CID44610309, CID44259709, CID13964550 and quercetin is shown in Table 1. The docking simulation revealed the top docking poses were found to be docked at the binding cavity showing both bonded and non-bonded interaction. The top ten docking hits showed common interaction with Trp294

and Glu299. The snapshots of ligand–protein interaction, electrostatic interaction and the binding mode for the top docking hit CID44610309 is shown in Fig. 2. The ADME of the docking hits ranged between 0.036 and 0.28 for solubility, 3.36 × 104–7.92 × 104 for absorption and 0.59–1.12 for distribution. The LogD at various pH ranges from 1.51 to 2.81, 1.5 to 2.82, 1.43 to 2.81, 1.07 to 2.76 and 0.48 to 2.64 for stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, blood and colon respectively. The percentage human oral bioavailability for the compounds ranged from 30% to 70%. Interestingly, CID44610309, selleck chemical CID44258703 and CID11834044 showed no or lesser health effects compared to the other docked compounds (Fig. 3). These three compounds could be lead molecule or a potential anti-cancer compound. The three-dimensional structure of iNOS of G. gallus was generated using Modeller 9v8. The structure assessment of the generated

model revealed the model is reliable and a quality model with stable energies. Additionally the molecular docking studies with quercetin and its analogues into the binding Forskolin mouse cavity of

iNOS showed the analogues having more favourable interaction than quercetin with favourable rerank score, docking score and hydrogen bonding energy. As quercetin is known for having anti-cancer property, the analogues docked aminophylline at the binding cavity could also possess anti-cancer property as it is 95% similar to quercetin. Interestingly, among the docked compounds the ADME–toxicity prediction revealed CID44610309, CID44258703 and CID11834044 have lesser health effects and LD50 as compared to the other docked compounds. Hence we conclude that these compounds could be a potential lead molecule and supports for experimental testing. All authors have none to declare. JPR solutions funded our article to publish. “
“Bacterial infections are leading cause of death for millions of people. This is because of the emergence of new disease agents and the development of resistant strains. Moreover, the pathogens have evolved effective approaches to counteract the biocidal action of antibiotics. Even though many antibiotics have been developed, very few antibiotics have proved effective against bacterial resistant strains. Therefore, it is extremely important to design and develop new approaches that overcome these limitations. The persistence of antibiotic resistant bacteria has renewed interest in the use of silver and silver based compounds including silver nanoparticles.

The initial phylogenetic tree of the HA1 domain nucleotide sequen

The initial phylogenetic tree of the HA1 domain nucleotide sequences of each A-subtype or B-lineage was constructed with the PhyML software package version 3.0 [4] using GTR + I + Γ4. For this analysis the general time-reversible model with the proportion of invariant sites and the gamma distribution of among-site rate variation with four categories was estimated from the empirical data, determined by ModelTest [5] as the evolutionary model.

GARLI v0.961 [6] was run on the best tree from PhyML for 2 million generations to optimise tree topology and branch lengths for each virus A-subtype or B-lineage. The virus gene sequence accession numbers and their originating laboratories used in this report are listed in Table S1. A combination of antigenic and genetic data is routinely used to identify emergent antigenic variants. Antigenic cartography [7] was used to visualise the HI data. As discussed previously, the behaviour selleck compound of A(H3N2) viruses in HA and HI assays has changed in recent years and their antigenic analyses have become more complex [8]. In particular, guinea pig RBC are now preferred for antigenic characterisation of current A(H3N2) LBH589 mw viruses in HA and HI assays. To control for the possible participation of the virus NA in the agglutination of RBC, HI assays can also be performed in the presence of oseltamivir [9]. Virus neutralisation (plaque

reduction and microneutralisation) assays were performed in addition to HI tests for a subset of A(H3N2) viruses and a small number of A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses. In addition

to antigenic studies using post-infection ferret antisera, human serum panels obtained pre- and post-vaccination with seasonal influenza vaccine formulations were used to assess current vaccine coverage against representative recently circulating viruses. Serum panels for adults, elderly and paediatric populations received from Australia, China, Japan, the UK and the USA were tested where available. Only a relatively small number of A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses (392) were subjected to HI analysis by the WHO CCs from September 2012 to February 2013. The majority of these viruses remained GBA3 antigenically closely related to the vaccine virus A/California/7/2009 based on assays with post-infection ferret antisera and only 3.3% of these viruses had reduced titres of 8-fold or greater compared to titres against the homologous virus (Table 1). A high resolution phylogenetic tree of the HA genes was constructed and included 379 A(H1N1)pdm09 isolates collected through GISRS since February 2012 as shown in Fig. S1. While the phylogenetic tree of the A(H1N1)pdm09 HA gene can be divided into eight major genetic groups, the majority of viruses analysed for the VCM belonged to group 6 with the signature amino acid (AA) substitutions D97N, S185T and S451N in HA1 (Fig. 2, Fig. S1). Fewer viruses belonged to group 7 (signature AA substitutions N97D and A197T in HA1) were still present but fewer in number than in the previous reporting period.